VERY, VARY, VARIABLE
METHOD MADNESS
CAUSATION? OR SPECULATION?
PATTERNS AND PARSIMONY
QUICK, WE NEED A RESEARCHER - STAT!
100
A researcher assigns participants to a particular level of this type of variable.
What is a manipulated variable?
100
________________ ask “why,” and ___________ ask “for whom” or “when.”
What is "mediators" and "moderators"?
100
These three criteria must be fulfilled in order to make a causal claim.
What are covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity?
100
DAILY DOUBLE!!!! According to a research study reported by CNN News, chocolate consumption is highest under age 20 and over age 70, with 21-69 year old eating less chocolate. This is an example of a ______________ association (if we were to plot it).
What is a curvilinear association?
100
This characterizes the STRENGTH of a correlation, a measure of statistical validity.
What is effect size? Remember: the stronger the correlation, the stronger the effect size!
200
True or False? Experiments must have at least one independent variable and one dependent variable, but they often have MORE than one dependent variable.
What is true?
200
Behavioral research is _______________, which means that its findings are not expected to explain all the cases all the time (i.e., there are exceptions).
What is a probabilistic?
200
Not all experiments have or need this type of group, defined as the neutral (or no treatment) level of an independent variable.
What is a control group?
200
This pattern is called a __________________ study, and draws this conclusion about narcissism and parental praise?
What is a cross-lag study/correlation? This study shows that overpraise by parents (in an earlier time) predicts narcissism in kids (not the reverse)!
200
This type of claim describes a particular rate or degree of a single variable.
What is frequency?
300
This type of variable is recorded; in terms of the behavior of attitudes based on self-report, behavioral observations, or physiological measures.
What is a measured variable?
300
The first row of the table represents _____________ and everything below the first row is called ___________.
What is the main effect and covariates?
300
Covariance can be established by including this type of group in the study design.
What is a comparison group?
300
This image depicts this type of association.
What is a cross-sectional correlation?
300
This refers to the high likelihood of getting a correlation by chance, assuming there is no correlation in the real world.
What is a nonsignificant result, or a (p)-value higher than .05.
400
This type of variable is almost always on the x-axis.
What is an independent variable?
400
The main benefit of dividing participants into three groups was this.
What is to control for confounding and/or to distinguish between whether exercise alone breeds aggression?
400
In a situation when it cannot be determined which effect (A or B) came first, we would call this _____________.
What is a directionality problem or failure to establish temporal precedence.
400
This type of mini-longitudinal design is called _____________ and helps to determine _____________ in variables over time.
What is autocorrelation and stability (and/or non-stability)?
400
This occurs when, for any reason, one variable in a model has very little variance - also referred to as ceiling and floor effects.
What is restriction of range?
500
The purpose of including this type of variable is to make sure researchers are only varying one effect at a time.
What is a control variable?
500
This type of bias is being persuaded by what easily comes to mind, like an association between shark attacks and swimming on beaches (especially after watching Jaws).
What is the availability heuristic?
500
In a pasta study, researchers were interested in the relationship between bowl size and pasta consumption (e.g., do bigger bowls make you eat more). This type of variable would be present if some participants received Chef Boyardee pasta and others received penne vodka from a fancy restaurant.
What is a confounder?
500
In this example, the quality of social ties is a middle step between two variables, also referred to as _______________.
What is a mediator?
500
This type of association likely has a __________ beta estimate and a ___________ p-value.
What is strong, negative and significant?