Concepts Related to Major Theorists (Piaget, Kohlberg, Erikson, etc.)
The Brain/Nervous System & Physical Development
Physical Dev.
(Infant-Adolescent)
(Infant-Adolescent)
Cognitive Dev.
(Infant-Adolescent)
(Infant-Adolescent)
Psychosocial Dev. (Infant-Adolescent)
100
One of Marcia's identity statuses where an individual is not really concerned with committing to their identity and is not really exploring their options
What is identity diffusion?
100
The brain's ability to adapt to environmental change and/or injury
What is plasticity/neuroplasticity?
100
Learning to crawl is an example of this kind of motor skill
What are gross motor skills?
100
Piaget used the term _____________ to describe young children’s inability to take the perspective of others.
What is egocentrism?
100
Society's expectations that are associated with a person's gender
What are gender roles?
200
The theory that people are born with innate characteristics such as mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity
What is temperament?
200
The inborn behavioral patterns that develop during uterine life and are fully present at birth.
What are reflexes?
200
The period of rapid growth and sexual development that begins in adolescence
What is puberty?
200
The tendency for young children not to be able to take the perspective of others. Instead, the child thinks that everyone sees, thinks, and feels just as they do.
What is egocentrism?
200
Erikson originally stated that people should develop their ___________ during adolescence
What is their identity?
300
Understanding that objects exist and that events go on in the world even if they infant/toddler can’t see them; this involves the ability to create a mental picture of that person/event (such as having a mental picture of a favorite toy, even if it was left behind at grandma's house)
What is object permanence?
300
The part of the brain that controls planning, controlling/expressing emotions, reading social situations and emotions, creativity, and delayed gratification
What is the frontal lobe (or the prefrontal cortex)?
300
The best time to go through puberty (this helps avoid some negative impacts on teens)
What is "on-time"?
300
Chomsky thought that the human brain contains this kind of device to help us learn language and grammar
What is the Language Acquisition Device?
300
The image that we have of ourselves
What is the self-concept?
400
Erikson used this term to describe when individuals delay commitment to an identity while exploring their options
What is psychological moratorium?
400
The name of this:
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What is a neuron?
400
A rapid increase in the individual’s height and weight during puberty resulting from simultaneous release of growth hormones, thyroid hormones, and androgens. Males experience this about two years later than females
What is the adolescent growth spurt?
400
Temporary support given to do a task
What is scaffolding?
400
An evaluative judgment of self
What is self-esteem?
500
Stage where individuals make moral decisions based on how their behaviors impact others, where rules are often obeyed to get approval and been as a "good boy" or "good girl" (Kohlberg)
What is the Conventional stage of morality (Kohlberg)?
500
An aspect of brain maturation in which more myelin is formed around the axons of neurons, thereby increasing neural transmission
What is myelination?
500
The pincer grasp is an example of this kind of motor skill
What is an example of a fine motor skill?
500
This type of memory is thought to be permanent
What is long term memory?
500
The fear that is often associated with the presence of strangers where an infant shows concern or a look of fear while clinging to a familiar person
What is stranger wariness?
600
Easy, slow-to-warm, and difficult
What are temperament styles?
600
The selective elimination of non-essential synapses and the strengthening of important neural connections
What is synaptic pruning?
600
Our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects
What are motor skills?
600
This theory of cognitive development proposes that stimuli from the environment are process through our sensory memory, then temporarily stored in short term memory (also called our working memory), before hopefully being stored in our long-term memory.
What is information processing theory?
600
This kind of parenting is high on responsiveness to the child's feelings and desires but low on control/expectations
What is permissive parenting?
700
The habit of working hard, being busy and achieving goals, being able to do things independently, and a feeling of competence and mastery (Erikson)
What is industry (as defined by Erikson)?
700
Fibers that extend from neurons and receive electrochemical impulses transmitted from other neurons via their axons
What are dendrites?
700
A process that stimulates the body’s immune system by causing the production of antibodies to defend against attack by a specific contagious disease
What is an immunization?
700
The ability to recognize that moving or rearranging matter does not change the quantity
What is conservation?
700
Group of persons who interact with each other more regularly and intensely than others in the same setting
What is a clique
800
According to Erikson, the most important goal of toddlerhood is developing this skill
What is autonomy?
800
The intersection between the axon of one neuron to the dendrites of another neuron
What is a synapse?
800
Research tells us that most children learn/master this physical skill by 36 months (3 years)
What is toilet training?
800
A cognitive process of learning a new concept based on minimal exposure to a word or an object (this is related to language development)
What is fast mapping?
800
Individuals in this level of identity formation have not explored their options and have not made a commitment to their identity
What is identity diffusion?