Concepts Related to Major Theorists (Piaget, Kohlberg, Erikson, etc.)
The Brain/Nervous System & Physical Development
Physical Dev.
(Infant-Adolescent)
(Infant-Adolescent)
Cognitive Dev.
(Infant-Adolescent)
(Infant-Adolescent)
Psychosocial Dev. (Infant-Adolescent)
100
This phrase describes a process where individuals base their sense of self on how the BELIEVE that others view them
What is the looking class self?
100
The brain's ability to adapt to environmental change and/or injury
What is plasticity/neuroplasticity?
100
Learning to crawl is an example of this kind of motor skill
What are gross motor skills?
100
Piaget used the term _____________ to describe young children’s inability to take the perspective of others.
What is egocentrism?
100
The image that we have of ourselves
What is the self-concept?
200
The theory that people are born with innate characteristics such as mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity
What is temperament?
200
The inborn behavioral patterns that develop during uterine life and are fully present at birth.
What are reflexes?
200
The period of rapid growth and sexual development that begins in adolescence
What is puberty?
200
This cognitive process involves incorporating new information into existing knowledge (schemas)
What is assimilation?
200
Erikson originally stated that people should develop their ___________ during adolescence
What is their identity?
300
Understanding that objects exist and that events go on in the world even if they infant/toddler can’t see them; this involves the ability to create a mental picture of that person/event (such as having a mental picture of a favorite toy, even if it was left behind at grandma's house)
What is object permanence?
300
The part of the brain that controls planning, controlling/expressing emotions, reading social situations and emotions, creativity, and delayed gratification
What is the frontal lobe (or the prefrontal cortex)?
300
The best time to go through puberty (this helps avoid some negative impacts on teens)
What is "on-time"?
300
This theory of cognitive development proposes that stimuli from the environment are process through our sensory memory, then temporarily stored in short term memory (also called our working memory), before hopefully being stored in our long-term memory.
What is information processing theory?
300
In this kind of attachment, babies trust their caregiver and feel comfortable exploring their environment
What is a secure attachment?
400
Erikson used this term to describe when individuals delay commitment to an identity while exploring their options
What is psychological moratorium?
400
The name of this:
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What is a neuron?
400
The American Academy of Pediatricians recommend placing babies in this position to help prevent SIDS
What is "on their back"?
400
Temporary support given to do a task
What is scaffolding?
400
This is the name we use for a long-time bond with someone (often a caregiver)
What is attachment?
500
Compatibility between care giving style and the child’s temperament
What is "goodness of fit"?
500
An aspect of brain maturation in which more myelin is formed around the axons of neurons, thereby increasing neural transmission
What is myelination?
500
A rapid increase in the individual’s height and weight during puberty resulting from simultaneous release of growth hormones, thyroid hormones, and androgens. Males experience this about two years later than females
What is the adolescent growth spurt?
500
This type of memory is thought to be permanent
What is long-term memory?
500
An evaluative judgment of self
What is self-esteem?
600
Easy, slow-to-warm, and difficult
What are temperament styles?
600
The selective elimination of non-essential synapses and the strengthening of important neural connections
What is synaptic pruning?
600
The pincer grasp is an example of this kind of motor skill
What is an example of a fine motor skill?
600
Chomsky thought that the human brain contains this kind of device to help us learn language and grammar
What is the Language Acquisition Device?
600
Group of persons who interact with each other more regularly and intensely than others in the same setting
What is a clique?
700
The habit of working hard, being busy and achieving goals, being able to do things independently, and a feeling of competence and mastery (Erikson)
What is industry (as defined by Erikson)?
700
DAILY DOUBLE
Fibers that extend from neurons and receive electrochemical impulses transmitted from other neurons via their axons
700
Our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects
What are motor skills?
700
The ability to recognize that moving or rearranging matter does not change the quantity
What is conservation?
700
Freud thought that our experiences during this stage of life had a huge impact on our personality
What is childhood?
800
According to Erikson, the most important goal of toddlerhood is developing this skill
What is autonomy?
800
The intersection between the axon of one neuron to the dendrites of another neuron
What is a synapse?
800
Research tells us that most children learn/master this physical skill by 36 months (3 years)
What is toilet training?
800
A child know that you walk today, so you walked yesterday. Because of that lesson, they tell people the "runned" during PE yesterday. This is an example of ________________.
What is overextension?
800
The fear that is often associated with the presence of strangers where an infant shows concern or a look of fear while clinging to a familiar person
What is stranger wariness/anxiety?
900
Piaget's stage of cognitive development where individuals use logical principles in solving problems involving the physical world
What is the Concrete Operations Stage?
900
The ________ system is linked to the endocrine system triggers many of the hormonal changes in puberty
What is the limbic system?
900
In this type of physical growth/development, feet and hands grow first, followed by the legs and arms, and then the core muscles
What is distalproximal development?
900
Tasks that a child cannot do independently, but they can do with support from and adult or more learned peer (Vygotsky)
What is the Zone of Proximal Development?
900
This kind of parenting is high on responsiveness to the child's feelings and desires but low on control/expectations
What is permissive parenting?
1000
Stage where individuals make moral decisions based on how their behaviors impact others, where rules are often obeyed to get approval and been as a "good boy" or "good girl" (Kohlberg)
What is the Conventional stage of morality (Kohlberg)?
1000
This is part of the limbic system in the brain and is involved with emotions and emotional responses and is particularly active during puberty
What is the amygdala?
1000
The percent of weight that the average newborn loses immediately after birth
What is 5%?
1000
DAILY DOUBLE
A cognitive process of learning a new concept based on minimal exposure to a word or an object (this is related to language development)
1000
Negative peer pressure is called this
What is deviant peer contagion?