What are subject characteristics, contextual characteristics, and assessment characteristics.
100
History, maturation, testing, instrumentation, statistical regression, selection bias, and attrition.
What are threats to internal validity.
100
Single subject designs, within subject designs, and between subjects designs.
What are types of experimental research.
100
Basic research & applied research.
What are the two basic types of research QUESTIONS.
100
1-How well does the design account for extraneous factors that could limit interpretation of the findings?
2-How dependable and representative is the method for observing the phenomenon?
3-How well does the design allow findings to be applied to the real world?
What are the three questions to ask when evaluating a research design.
200
Subject Characteristics
What are the extent to which subject characteristics limit the degree to which findings can be applied to the real world. e.g., do results from animals generalize to humans? Men to women? Student clinicians to front-line clinicians?
200
Has weak internal validity because one phase change cannot rule out chance or coincidence as an alternative hypothesis.
What is an A-B design.
200
Experimental effects are typically evaluated on the basis of visual inspection of a graphic display of the data.
What is a characteristic of single subject designs.
200
Experimental research & descriptive research.
What are the two types of research DESIGN.
200
Repeated measures of dependent variable under nontreatment conditions
Examine trend, level, and variability
If baseline is acceptable, then introduce treatment
What is the A phase.
300
Categories under contextual characteristics.
What are reactive effects of of experimental arrangements (Hawthorne effect), multiple treatment interference, and novelty effects.
300
Changes within the subject between time 1 and time 2 of observation/assessment that confound results.
What is maturation.
300
Refers to variability or fluctuation of scores due to the influence of variables other than the independent variable.
What is error variance.
300
Manipulate values of independent variable
Observe effects of manipulation on values of the dependent variable
At the same time, keep extraneous variables under control or accounted for
What are the three characteristics of experimental research.
300
Treatment implemented or variable(s) manipulated ((independent variable))
Repeated measures of the dependent variable under treatment conditions
What is the B phase.
400
Categories under assessment characteristics.
What are test sensitization and reactivity of assessment.
400
Based on probability theory, refers to subjects' scores naturally moving toward an average or mean.
What is statistical regression or regression bias or regression to the mean.
400
Extraneous variables and measurement error.
What are two sources of error variance.
400
X (cause) and Y (effect) must be correlated
-Same association found repeatedly (not a fluke)
-Association seems meaningful
-Differing (ex. stronger) levels of presumed cause are paired with differing (ex. stronger) levels of presumed effect
X must precede Y in time
-X must be present before Y occurs
-Y cannot occur before X
All other factors (Z) must be ruled out
What are the three conditions for causality.
400
Cease manipulating independent variable
Withdraw the treatment
What is the second A phase in an ABA design.
500
Pretest influences how the subject reacts to the experimental variable.
What is test sensitization.
500
An example would be an observer who is trained to rate a child's intelligibility who gradually adapts to the child's speech patterns.
What is instrumentation.
500
AB, ABA, ABAB, and Multiple Baselines
What are basic types of single subject designs.
500
Descriptive and experimental research approaches have different strengths and weaknesses; it's misguided to suggest that one is necessarily superior to the other. Instead, the two approaches complement each other
What is our conclusion about descriptive and experimental research?
500
This test design may not be appropriate for skill-based measures (i.e., riding a bike, learning the rules for making a plural, etc.)
What is the ABA design (or ABAB, for that matter).