Ch. 5 Learning
Ch. 6 Memory
Ch. 7 Thought,Language & Intelligence
Ch. 8 Motivation & Emotion
Grab Bag
100
The students are noisily chatting and quizzing each other in the lecture hall before the exam. Then, the professor walks in and everyone stops talking. The professor serves as a _____________ in this example of operant conditioning.
discriminative conditioned stimulus
100
You are studying for your Intro to Psych exam and you are trying to remember the concept of "retroactive inhibition." Instead of simply repeating the definition to yourself, you relate the concept to how your recent training in Zumba dance has interfered with your ability to recall how to dance with your older RETRO moves. What type of rehearsal is this?
elaborative rehearsal
a memorization method that relates new information to information already stored in memory
a memorization method that relates new information to information already stored in memory
100
The limitation of Stern’s intelligence quotient (IQ) that led to Wechsler’s concept of deviation IQ was…
a) inaccurate predictions of academic and occupational performance.
b) calculating IQ by dividing ideal age by mental age and multiplying by 50.
c) incorrectly calculating a decreasing IQ when a person maintained intelligence.
d) biasing IQ tests in favor of people familiar with middle-class culture.
a) inaccurate predictions of academic and occupational performance.
b) calculating IQ by dividing ideal age by mental age and multiplying by 50.
c) incorrectly calculating a decreasing IQ when a person maintained intelligence.
d) biasing IQ tests in favor of people familiar with middle-class culture.
c) incorrectly calculating a decreasing IQ when a person maintained intelligence.
IQ = MA/CA x 100 (Mental age divided by chronological age times 100; Average IQ = 100)
For example, if a person maintains a mental age that is 2 years above their chronological age, IQ incorrectly seems to decrease. 10/8, 12/10, 16/14…you have decresasing IQ of 125, 120, 114...
IQ = MA/CA x 100 (Mental age divided by chronological age times 100; Average IQ = 100)
For example, if a person maintains a mental age that is 2 years above their chronological age, IQ incorrectly seems to decrease. 10/8, 12/10, 16/14…you have decresasing IQ of 125, 120, 114...
100
As 12-month-old Emily plays in the sandbox, her mother sits nearby on a park bench. When another woman sits down on the bench, Emily looks at her mother uncertainly. Only after Emily sees her mother give the woman a friendly greeting does Emily smile and resume playing. This seems to be an example of...
A) internalization
B) separation anxiety
C) insecure attachment
D) social referencing
A) internalization
B) separation anxiety
C) insecure attachment
D) social referencing
D) social referencing
Social Referencing: The process of letting another person’s emotional state guide our own behavior. It is most often used in ambiguous situations when we are not sure what to do.
Social Referencing: The process of letting another person’s emotional state guide our own behavior. It is most often used in ambiguous situations when we are not sure what to do.
100
According to Bandura, the "Bobo doll" studies of aggression demonstrated that
a) changing motivation can facilitate behavioral change.
b) active learning varies across situations and cultures.
c) children will imitate positive but not negative behaviors.
d) learning can occur vicariously through observation.
a) changing motivation can facilitate behavioral change.
b) active learning varies across situations and cultures.
c) children will imitate positive but not negative behaviors.
d) learning can occur vicariously through observation.
d) learning can occur vicariously through observation.
vicarious conditioning, is a kind of observational learning through which a person is influenced by watching or hearing about the consequences of others' behavior.
vicarious conditioning, is a kind of observational learning through which a person is influenced by watching or hearing about the consequences of others' behavior.
200
You are at the bus stop. The bus is supposed to arrive at 4pm, but in reality, it arrives some time between 3:50 and 4:10. You look around the corner to check if the bus is coming. Your "checking" behavior is on which schedule of reinforcement? 
Variable-interval (VI)
VI schedules reinforce the first response after some period of time, but the amount of time varies around an average.
The "sight of the bus" reinforces the first "checking" response after some period of time, but that period of time is unpredictable (the bus arrives some time around 4pm, give or take).
VI schedules reinforce the first response after some period of time, but the amount of time varies around an average.
The "sight of the bus" reinforces the first "checking" response after some period of time, but that period of time is unpredictable (the bus arrives some time around 4pm, give or take).
200
A multiple choice question (like this one) makes greatest use of which type of memory?
a. recall
b. recognition
c. relearning
d. retrograde amnesia
b. recognition
recall: retrieving information stored in memory
recognition: awareness, based on retrieval cues, that particular info is in one's memory
relearning: a method for measuring forgetting
retrograde amnesia: a loss of memory for events that occurred prior to a brain injury
recall: retrieving information stored in memory
recognition: awareness, based on retrieval cues, that particular info is in one's memory
relearning: a method for measuring forgetting
retrograde amnesia: a loss of memory for events that occurred prior to a brain injury
200
A limitation of computers as "problem solvers" is their reliance on logic and formulas. Thus, they are not very good at forming ________ concepts.
For example, "CAPTCHA's:" Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart"
For example, "CAPTCHA's:" Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart"
natural
Review:
formal concepts: can be clearly defined by a set of rules or properties such that each member of the concept has all of the defining properties and no nonmember does.
natural concepts: concepts that have no fixed set of defining features but instead share a set of typical or characteristic features.
Review:
formal concepts: can be clearly defined by a set of rules or properties such that each member of the concept has all of the defining properties and no nonmember does.
natural concepts: concepts that have no fixed set of defining features but instead share a set of typical or characteristic features.
200
Teresa has ___(a)_____ achievement needs because she is interested in her work, actively seeks success, takes risks when necessary, is satisfied when she succeeds, and is not too upset by failure. She also has ___(b)___ goals, or goals concerned with getting better at something. She is more persistent and less upset when she does not immediately perform well.
In contrast, Beth has __(c)____ achievement needs because she seems to enjoy success because she has avoided failure. She also has ____(d)_____goals, or goals that are more concerned with how well she performs compared with others than about how to improve her performance. She tends to avoid challenges and quits in response to failure.
Teresa: high; learning
Beth: low; performance
200
If a lawyer says that there was a weapon seen, even though there really was not, witnesses may recall with great certainty having seen the weapon. The *misinformation effect* can occur for a number of reasons. Name one of them:
(1) New information may make it harder to retrieve the original memory.
(2) New information may be integrated into the original memory making it impossible to distinguish the new information from the original memory
(3) If a respected person (e.g., police/lawyer) says an object was there or an event occurred, witnesses might believe this must be true.
(sounds interesting? go to "Memory and Perception in the Courtroom" pg 227)
(2) New information may be integrated into the original memory making it impossible to distinguish the new information from the original memory
(3) If a respected person (e.g., police/lawyer) says an object was there or an event occurred, witnesses might believe this must be true.
(sounds interesting? go to "Memory and Perception in the Courtroom" pg 227)
300
In a Pavlov experiment, the meat powder is an _______(a)_________ and the salivation is the _______(b)_________. The tone is a ____(c)_______ until repeated parings of the tone with meat powder. After repeated pairings between the tone and meat powder, the tone becomes a _______(d)________which produces the _____(e)_____ of salivation.
a) unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
b) unconditioned response (UCR)
c) neutral stimulus
d) conditioned stimulus (CS)
e) conditioned response (CR)
b) unconditioned response (UCR)
c) neutral stimulus
d) conditioned stimulus (CS)
e) conditioned response (CR)
300
Towelie: "Wait turn down here. It's down this dirt road . . . Or maybe it was down that dirt road." Stan: "Oh dude, can't you remember where it was?!" Towelie: "I don't remember at all. Wait a minute. Let me get high, then I'll know where it is."
What type of memory does Towelie have?
What type of memory does Towelie have?
state-dependent memory (a.k.a. state-dependnt learning)
memory that is helped or hindered by similarities or differences in a person's internal state during leanring versus recall.
e.g.,if people learn new material while under the influence of marijuana, they tend to recall it better if they are also tested under the influence of marijuana (Eich et al., 1975)
memory that is helped or hindered by similarities or differences in a person's internal state during leanring versus recall.
e.g.,if people learn new material while under the influence of marijuana, they tend to recall it better if they are also tested under the influence of marijuana (Eich et al., 1975)
300
_______(a)_________ is the ability to generate many different solutions to a problem, whereas _____(b)_____ is the ability to apply the rules of logic and what one knows about the world to narrow down the possible solutions to a problem.
a) divergent thinking
b) convergent thinking
versus 
b) convergent thinking
versus
300
Problems in the processes that regulate hunger and eating may cause eating disorders. Which eating disorder is associated with:
a) Though usually not life threatening, it can lead to dehydration, nutritional problems, intestinal damage, and dental problems.
b) Associated with diabetes, high blood pressure, and increased risk of heart attack, and possibly Alzheimer’s disease. In the U.S. alone, it is blamed for about 30,000 deaths each year.
c) causes serious, often irreversible physical damage. 95 percent of those suffering from this disorder are young women; affects about 1% of young women in the U.S. and is a growing problem in many other industrialized nations.
a) Though usually not life threatening, it can lead to dehydration, nutritional problems, intestinal damage, and dental problems.
b) Associated with diabetes, high blood pressure, and increased risk of heart attack, and possibly Alzheimer’s disease. In the U.S. alone, it is blamed for about 30,000 deaths each year.
c) causes serious, often irreversible physical damage. 95 percent of those suffering from this disorder are young women; affects about 1% of young women in the U.S. and is a growing problem in many other industrialized nations.
a) Bulimia nervosa
b) Obesity
c) Anorexia nervosa
b) Obesity
c) Anorexia nervosa
300
Jaylyn wants to figure out how to get accepted into graduate school. She initially "walked away" from the problem and turned to some other mental activity (i.e., an ____(a)____ strategy). Later, she used an ___(b)____ strategy by asking herself, "What are smaller subgoals I can accomplish to get to grad school?" Jaylyn also tried a ____(c)_____ strategy in which she started with the end results of being accepted into grad school and reversing the steps she needed to do to get there. Jaylyn's older cousin told her stories about her previous grad application process, and explained that her experiences could serve as ____(d)_____ to help Jaylyn solve her problem.
a) incubation
b) means-end analysis (a.k.a. decomposition)
c) working backward planning
d) analogies
400
A pigeon learns to peck a key when a Monet painting is presented but not to peck a key when a Picasso painting is presented. This shows the concept of 
stimulus discrimination
a process through which organisms learn to differentiate among similar stimuli and respond appropriately to each one
a process through which organisms learn to differentiate among similar stimuli and respond appropriately to each one
400
Ronald was driving w/ his Uncle Grimace when he hears the radio ad, "Bah dah bahm bahm bahm, I'm lovin' it" and encodes the tune in ______(a)_____ memory. Later, he drives down Pacific Ave. and encodes the golden arches sign as the McDonalds logo in ____(b)_______ memory. Then, he had a ____(c)______ memory in which he remembers learning about the health risks of eating too much fast food from McDonalds. Grimace, his uncle, had an ____(d)____ memory and told the story of how he used to buy Ronald a happy meal if he did all his chores. Ronald had a ____(e)____ memory about playing with the happy meal prize, and explained how to open the package, hold the toy, wind it up, and place it on a flat surface. This was also an ___(f)___ memory because Ronald had to deliberately remember the steps involved.
a) acoustic (or auditory)
b) visual
c) semantic: memory for generalized knowledge about the world (i.e., general meaning)
d) episodic
e) procedural
f) explicit
400
First year, babies begin to produce _____(a)_______, or patterns of meaningless sounds that resemble speech. By about nine months, babies start to _____(b)______.
Ten- to twelve-month-olds can understand several words, typically ___(c)___.
The Second Year: The ___(d)____ of speech lasts for about six months. ~ Eighteen months of age, children start using two-word sentences.
The Third Year and Beyond, children ask ___(e)____ questions and begin to form complex sentences. By age ____(f)______, they have acquired most of the grammatical rules of their native language.
The Second Year: The ___(d)____ of speech lasts for about six months. ~ Eighteen months of age, children start using two-word sentences.
The Third Year and Beyond, children ask ___(e)____ questions and begin to form complex sentences. By age ____(f)______, they have acquired most of the grammatical rules of their native language.
a) babblings
b) lose sounds not necessary to their native language. Also, use more complex babblings in specific contexts and with obvious purpose.
c) proper names and object labels
d) one-word stage
e) "W" questions
f) five
b) lose sounds not necessary to their native language. Also, use more complex babblings in specific contexts and with obvious purpose.
c) proper names and object labels
d) one-word stage
e) "W" questions
f) five
400
Name the theory of emotion that matches the below diagrams:
a) Cannon’s Central Theory (A.K.A. Cannon-Bard)
b) Cognitive (A.K.A. Schachter-Singer, Lazarus)
c) James-Lange (A.K.A James’s Peripheral Theory)
b) Cognitive (A.K.A. Schachter-Singer, Lazarus)
c) James-Lange (A.K.A James’s Peripheral Theory)
400
If the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented many times without the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), we can expect ______(a)_______. After ___(a)_____ , if the CS is presented again without the UCS, the CR that had been extinguished will temporarily reappear (i.e., _____(b)______). If the CS is presented again with the UCS, the CR will return to it's original strength in a process called ____(c)______.
a) extinction
b) spontaneous recovery
c) reconditioning
b) spontaneous recovery
c) reconditioning
500
Which operant conditioning is involved for...
a) A wife is nagging her husband to take out the trash (for the husband's "taking the trash out" behavior)
b) A mother smiles when her child utters “Mama.” (for the child's utterance)
c) Turning down the volume of a very loud radio
d) Faking a stomach ache in order to leave work
e) Walking into a really, clean glass door and hurting oneself with a bonk in the head.
f) The teenager is grounded for misbehavior.
g) A child does not get much attention during "activity tables" time. She misbehaves and the teacher scolds her. The child appears to be misbehaving more often during table time.
h) A student is reprimanded for texting on their cell phone during class.
a) A wife is nagging her husband to take out the trash (for the husband's "taking the trash out" behavior)
b) A mother smiles when her child utters “Mama.” (for the child's utterance)
c) Turning down the volume of a very loud radio
d) Faking a stomach ache in order to leave work
e) Walking into a really, clean glass door and hurting oneself with a bonk in the head.
f) The teenager is grounded for misbehavior.
g) A child does not get much attention during "activity tables" time. She misbehaves and the teacher scolds her. The child appears to be misbehaving more often during table time.
h) A student is reprimanded for texting on their cell phone during class.
a) negative reinforcement
b) positive reinforcement
c) negative reinforcement
d) negative reinforcement
e) positive punishment
f) negative punishment
g) positive reinforcement
h) positive punishment
b) positive reinforcement
c) negative reinforcement
d) negative reinforcement
e) positive punishment
f) negative punishment
g) positive reinforcement
h) positive punishment
500
Dr. Jensen listed the following words to the class: BED, FATIGUE, SNORING, TIRED, NIGHT, REST, and DREAM. Many students recalled hearing the word, SLEEP, although it was not actually on the list. Which model of memory accounts for this false recollection/constructive memory phenomena?
Parallel distributed processing models
suggest that new facts are integrated with existing knowledge, changing our overall understanding of the world.
Because PDP models represent knowledge as links in a network, PDP networks can produce these spontaneous generalizations.
suggest that new facts are integrated with existing knowledge, changing our overall understanding of the world.
Because PDP models represent knowledge as links in a network, PDP networks can produce these spontaneous generalizations.
500
Dr. Jensen (concept) did missionary work in Columbia (concept) is a ____(a)_____ that shows a relationship between two concepts.
One student's _____(b)______ was that "Spanish speakers" only come from Spanish-speaking countries, however, this changed when Dr. Jensen, from the USA, began to lecture in Spanish.
Dr. Jensen admitted that he initially did not have a restaurant dining "____(c)_____," or knowledge of how events should transpire in a restaurant (e.g., diners enter the restaurant, wait to be seated, order, enjoy the meal, ask for the check, pay the bill, tip the waiter).
After much time spent exploring his new iPhone, Dr. Jensen formed a _____(d)______ of the functions of the different buttons. The next time he saw the buttons (e.g., the sunflower, the interstate 280, the blue compass) he had an understanding of how they worked.
One student's _____(b)______ was that "Spanish speakers" only come from Spanish-speaking countries, however, this changed when Dr. Jensen, from the USA, began to lecture in Spanish.
Dr. Jensen admitted that he initially did not have a restaurant dining "____(c)_____," or knowledge of how events should transpire in a restaurant (e.g., diners enter the restaurant, wait to be seated, order, enjoy the meal, ask for the check, pay the bill, tip the waiter).
After much time spent exploring his new iPhone, Dr. Jensen formed a _____(d)______ of the functions of the different buttons. The next time he saw the buttons (e.g., the sunflower, the interstate 280, the blue compass) he had an understanding of how they worked.
a) proposition: smallest units of knowledge that can stand as separate assertions.
b) schema: generalizations about categories of objects, events, and people.
c) script: mental representation of familiar sequences, usually involving activity.
d) Mental model: cluster of propositions that represent people's understanding of how things work.
b) schema: generalizations about categories of objects, events, and people.
c) script: mental representation of familiar sequences, usually involving activity.
d) Mental model: cluster of propositions that represent people's understanding of how things work.
500
Four factors can serve as sources of motivation: biological, emotional, cognitive, and social. Which theory of motivation would agree with...
A) "inborn desires to pass on our genes cause women to focus on men’s ability to amass resources and men to focus on women’s reproductive capacity."
b) "Homeostasis is the tendency to keep physiological systems at a steady level, or equilibrium. An imbalance in homeostasis creates a need, a biological requirement for well-being."
c) "curiosity-motivated behaviors are done just to increase a general level of activation"
d)"behavior is goal-directed; we behave in ways that allow us to get desirable incentives and avoid negative incentives."
A) "inborn desires to pass on our genes cause women to focus on men’s ability to amass resources and men to focus on women’s reproductive capacity."
b) "Homeostasis is the tendency to keep physiological systems at a steady level, or equilibrium. An imbalance in homeostasis creates a need, a biological requirement for well-being."
c) "curiosity-motivated behaviors are done just to increase a general level of activation"
d)"behavior is goal-directed; we behave in ways that allow us to get desirable incentives and avoid negative incentives."
A) Instinct Theory
B) Drive Reduction Theory
C) Optimal Arousal Theory
D) Incentive Theory
B) Drive Reduction Theory
C) Optimal Arousal Theory
D) Incentive Theory
500
Which type of conflict do the following people have?
Carol is forced to select from two unattractive choices.
Gary has a choice between two or more alternatives, each of which has both positive and negative features.
Matt must choose only one of two desirable activities.
Scott has to complete an activity with both attractive and unattractive features.
Carol is forced to select from two unattractive choices.
Gary has a choice between two or more alternatives, each of which has both positive and negative features.
Matt must choose only one of two desirable activities.
Scott has to complete an activity with both attractive and unattractive features.
Carol: Avoidance-avoidance conflict
Gary: Multiple approach-avoidance conflict
Matt: Approach-approach conflict
Scott: Approach-avoidance conflict These conflicts are the most difficult to resolve, partly because the features of each option are often difficult to compare.
Gary: Multiple approach-avoidance conflict
Matt: Approach-approach conflict
Scott: Approach-avoidance conflict These conflicts are the most difficult to resolve, partly because the features of each option are often difficult to compare.