S&P
This process involves taking raw energy from the world (e.g., light waves, sound waves) and converting it into a neural signal using a sensory organ.
What is sensation?
This is a veridical, very short-term snapshot of the world without filtering.
What is iconic or sensory memory?
This type of implicit memory is responsible for skills we automatically perform, like riding a bike.
What is procedural memory?
These are mental shortcuts your mind takes in coming up with answers, though they might not always provide an accurate result.
What are heuristics?
This way of thinking is time-consuming and exhaustive, but guarantees you will have the correct answer.
What is an algorithm?
THIS is an important DV used in cognitive psychology to measure timing of mental processes. It typically involves participants responding to stimuli as quickly as they can.
What is response/reaction time?
This is when you fail to recognize a second visual stimulus that appears shortly after a first one. This demonstrates a limitation in temporal attention.
What is attentional blink?
THIS is to echoic memory as visual stimuli is to iconic memory.
What is auditory stimuli?
Knowing that dogs are mammals is an example of THIS type of explicit memory?
What is semantic memory?
Karen sees news reports about car thefts in her city, and believes that the crime rate is much higher than it actually is. Karen has demonstrated THIS way of thinking.
What is the availability heuristic?
This way of thinking involves systematically trying out different solutions until the correct answer is found.
What is trial and error?
This task is used to assess working memory capacity.
What is the N-Back task?
This type of processing is used when you are interpreting an ambiguous image and use previous knowledge and expectations to make sense of the image.
What is top-down processing?
THIS type of memory is distinguished from short-term memory because it involves active processing and manipulation of information.
What is working memory?
This is the idea that networks of neural connections across brain regions represent concepts, rather than single brain areas.
What is distributed representation?
If someone believes that a man who reads poetry is more likely to be a professor of literature than a truck driver (despite there being many more truck drivers), then they likely have demonstrated THIS way of thinking.
What is representativeness?
We tend to solve similar problems by using the same approach, also known as THIS.
What is a mental set?
A typical finding in this task is when participants falsely remember words that are semantically related to the lists that they memorized.
What is the DRM task?
This is the type of processing that drives your response to when you touch something hot and pull away your hand reflexively, without thinking.
What is bottom-up processing?
In Baddeley's model of working memory, THIS coordinates and controls cognitive processes.
What is the central executive?
This involves learning through association, and can be a form of implicit memory.
What is conditioning?
These are two characteristics of System 1 thinking that distinguish it from System 2 thinking.
Fast, subconcious (without thinking), error prone
Jasper needs a paperweight but is unable to find one. Instead of using a heavy object they can easily find in the room (like a hammer in their desk), they only feel like a paperweight will do the job. This scenario is an example of THIS, which can limit our ability to think outside of the box.
What is fixation (will also accept functional fixedness for the hammer)?
This in graphical form, represents the decline of memory retention over time and has an negative exponential shape.
What is the forgetting curve?
This shifts and selects, and can be voluntary or involuntary, and involves aspects of serial and parallel processing.
What is attention?
THESE are two components of the embedded processes model.
Focus of attention, LTM, activated LTM, sensory memory, central executive
This is demonstrated when people are faster identifying a robin as a bird than when identifying a penguin as a bird.
What is a typicality effect?
When people are making likelihood judgments (e.g., how likely crime is in your area) using heuristics, errors come from ignoring THESE, or the actual/overall frequency of categories and events.
What are base rates?
Algorithm, reasoning, logic, others
This task is used to examine the decay or the temporal limit of iconic memory.
What is the partial reporting task?