Correlation Concepts
Regression Concepts
Mediation Concepts
Moderation Concepts
SPSS
Stats Wild Card
Actual Wild Card
Actual Wild Card Part II
100
What is the largest possible value for Pearson's correlation coefficient (r)?
The absolute value of 1
|1|
100
What is the main reason we use regression?
To make predictions
100
What is the difference between a mediation model and an indirect effects model?
A mediation model is a specific type of indirect effects model in which the proposed mediating variable occurs after the predictor variable and before the outcome variable.
100
Is moderation additive or multiplicative in nature?
Multiplicative.
If it were just additive, then the effects of X1 and X2 could separately be added together, but because moderation suggested an interaction between X1 and X2, it is multiplicative.
100
Under which main tab in SPSS are most statistical tests found?
Analyze
100
What is the difference between a discrete and a continuous variable?
A discrete variable must be separated out into separate, indivisible categories (e.g., ice cream flavors), whereas a continuous variable can be infinitely divided (e.g., miles per hour).
BONUS: Is grade in class discrete or continuous?
100
Who is credited as the writer of the Star Spangled Banner?
Francis Scott Key
100
What do you call a group of flamingos?
A flamboyance
200
If Y increases as X increases, what type of correlation would we call that?
Positive correlation
200
For the linear equation Ŷ = 2x + 5, what does "5" represent?
The intercept
(The predicted value of Y if x = 0)
200
What do we do procedurally if we find that our proposed mediating variable is not significantly associated with our proposed outcome variable
200
What is an interaction term, mathematically?
The product of two or more variables
b3(X1X2)
200
What does "sig" typically represent in SPSS output?
"Significance" or the p-value associated with the given statistical test.
Typically, if this value is less than .05, we would reject the null hypothesis.
200
Which of the following values can be negative?
SS, df, F, z, MS, SD, s2
(Hint: Only 1 of them can ever be negative)
z
(We can have negative z scores)
200
In which American city is The Princess and the Frog set?
New Orleans
200
On which popular game is the show Stranger Things largely based?
Dungeons and Dragons
300
Which one of these correlations is more likely to be statistically significant (i.e., p < a)?
r = .21 ; df = 27 (sample size of 29)
OR
r = .21 ; df = 102 (sample size of 104)
r = .21 ; df = 102
(As sample size increases, the size of the correlation needed for significance decreases)
300
What are the three necessary elements for establishing causality?
1) Establish association (covariance)
2) Establish temporal precedence (X before Y in time)
3) Rule out alternative explanations (no confounds)
300
What do we do procedurally if our proposed mediator variable is not associated with our proposed predictor variable?
300
What does "e" stand for in this multiple regression equation?
Error
BONUS: What do all the terms here represent?
300
What information do we know from the following SPSS output?
How many participants (N) were in each group.
300
What is the purpose of using an effect size instead of just using a hypothesis test?
A hypothesis test determines whether the treatment effect is unlikely due to chance; it does not measure the size of the effect
300
What is the Grinch's dog's name?
Max
300
Which animal was the first to ever be cloned?
A sheep (Dolly)
400
If an r2 value between the variables "average time spent studying per week" and "grade point average" is .48, what the correct interpretation of the r2 value be?
48% of the variability in grade point average can be explained by the variability in average time spent studying per week (and vice versa).
400
For the linear equation Ŷ = 2x + 5, if x is equal to 4, what would the predicted value of Y be?
13
400
Assume this model:
We conclude that we do have the statistical evidence to support significant mediation. What should we conclude?
That a significant reason why math self-concept in 1st grade predicts math self-concept in 7th grade is due to the number of math classes taken in elementary school.
Note that we do not assume this is 100% of the mechanism, but it is a significant reason we can explain part of the mechanism.
400
Why do we typically plot three different lines in moderation? How many could we plot?
Typically the mean, and one standard deviation above or below the mean, are useful lines to plot. But with a continuous moderator, we could plot an infinite number of lines.
400
How would we describe the relation between math anxiety (SIMA) and working memory capacity, in terms of direction and strength based on the following SPSS output?
Significant, weak to moderate negative correlation.
Significant because p < .05 (< .001), weak to moderate because r2 = .04, and negative because the sign is negative.
400
What does a p value conceptually tell us?
The probability (between 0.000 and 1.000) of obtaining a given result if the null hypothesis is true.
Typically the null hypothesis is something like "There is no difference" or "There is no relation."
400
Approximately what percentage (within 3%) of the earth's wildlife is found within the oceans?
Approximately 94%
400
What year (within a year) was the internet shopping website "ebay" founded?
1995
500
What is a conceptual explanation to explain the formula for Pearson's r?
It is the ratio of shared variance between X and Y divided by the individual variance of X and the individual variance of Y.
500
What is multicollinearity and why might it be a problem in a multiple linear regression model?
Multicollinearity is when two or more predictor variables are highly correlated to each other.
It is problematic in a multiple linear regression because including several highly correlated variables will not explain significantly more variance in the outcome variable, but it makes the model less parsimonious.
500
What does a Sobel test tell us?
Whether we have significant mediation in our proposed mediation (or indirect effects) model
500
What is a good reason to mean-center variables when examining interactions (i.e., moderation analyses)?
Because then instead of knowing what a predicted value would be for a score of 0 on one of the predictor variables, we would then know what a predicted value would be given an average score on the other variable.
500
Which PROCESS model number is used for mediation?
Model 4
(And moderation is Model 1)
500
How would we interpret a 95% confidence interval of [42.57, 65.22] for the average number of hours graduate students in psychology work in a week?
We can be 95% confident that the true mean for the average number of hours graduate students in psychology work in a week is between 42.57 hours and 65.22 hours.
500
Within 10, how many countries / teams competed in the 2024 Paris Summer Olympics?
204 countries (206 teams)
500
Which European country's official national animal is the unicorn?
Scotland
