Acronyms
DRA
Differential reinforcement of an alternative response
Fill-in: Shaping is the differential reinforcement of successive ___________ to the terminal behavior.
approximations
Give an example of a behavior chain. Include at least 3 S->R components.
Getting stick of gum:
1. reach into your pocket,
2. pull out the pack of gum,
3. pull a single stick out of the pack,
4. unwrap the piece of gum, and
5. put the gum into your mouth.
What is a prompt?
A prompt is used to increase the likelihood that a person will engage in the correct behavior at the correct time. A prompt may involve the behavior of the trainer (response prompts) or supplemental environmental stimuli (stimulus prompts).
What is an example of an echoic?
What is the result of stimulus discrimination training?
Stimulus control
DRI
When should we use shaping?
When teaching a new skill that does not exist in one's repertoire; language and prompts are not feasible.
Explain how to use forward chaining.
Teach the first component of the chain first, then the second, etc. until the whole chain is mastered.
Given these response prompts, arrange them into the prompt hierarchy (least-to-most intrusive): Model, physical, gestural, verbal.
Least-to-most: verbal, gestural, model, physical
What is an example of a tact?
Teacher holds up a picture of a dog, and the student says "dog."
In stimulus discrimination training, the behavior is _____________ in the presence of the SD.
Reinforced
DNRA
Differential negative reinforcement of an alternative behavior.
When an approximation is put on extinction, organisms tend to slightly vary their responses in such a way that they may engage in the next approximation.
Explain how to use backward chaining.
Teach the final component of a behavior chain to mastery then the previous component, etc. until the entire chain is mastered.
Describe one type of stimulus prompt.
Extra-stimulus prompt: arrow or line, matching prompt
What is an example of a mand?
Child wants a hug. They say "hug" and they get a hug.
In stimulus discrimination training, the behavior is _______in the presence of the S-delta.
DRC (FCT)
Describe how you would teach a dog to give you a high five using shaping. (HINT: check the guidelines for shaping)
[2. Determine if this is the appropriate teaching procedure]
3. Identify starting behavior
4. Choose successive approximations.
5. Choose reinforcer.
6. Differentially reinforce the approximations
7. Move through the steps at a proper pace
Explain how to use total task presentation.
What is prompt fading?
The gradual removal of prompts as the behavior continues to occur in the presence of the discriminative stimulus.
What is an example of an intraverbal?
"Billy"
In stimulus discrimination training, the behavior is ____________in the presence of the SDp.
Punished
DRO
Differential reinforcement of other behavior
Describe how a challenging or undesirable behavior can be shaped.
When you put one level of a challenging behavior on extinction (e.g., nagging) and the extinction burst reaches an intolerable level that the change agent then reinforces. Next time, the individual will not start at the lower magnitude behavior, but rather start at the intolerable level because it was reinforced.
When should you use backward chaining (rather than total task presentation or forward chaining)?
When the learner is less skilled and it makes sense to contact the natural reinforcer each time they complete the chain (e.g., the completed sandwich).
How do you implement response prompt fading?
A response prompt is removed gradually across learning trials until the prompt is no longer provided.
Example: LtM or MtL prompting
What type of verbal operant is described in the scenario below:
You are low energy and want a coffee. You tell the barista "Can I have an iced oatmilk shaken espresso?" and in 2 minutes, the barista gives you an iced oatmilk shaken espresso.
Mand
In the three-term contingency (A-B-C), where does the SD occur?
A (Antecedent)
DRL
When should you use shaping instead of chaining?
When it is one single behavior rather than a chain and prompts and language cannot be used.
When should you use total task presentation (rather than backward or forward chaining)?
When the chain is short, when the individual has more abilities, and when there are skilled behavior change agents (have to understand when to prompt).
What type of verbal operant is described in the scenario below:
Megan asks the class "What type of prompt was used in this example?" and a student answers "A textual prompt." Megan says "yes!"
Intraverbal
What behavioral phenomenon occurred (i.e., why do you behave the same in one car as in another?)?
Stimulus generalization