Observation
Direct observation without intervention
What is naturalistic observation?
Correlation does not equal ______.
What is causation?
The variable that is manipulated in an experiment
What is the independent variable?
The "p" in p value represents this.
What is probability?
Validity refers to the ______ of a measure.
What is truthfulness or accuracy?
You count the number of cigarette butts in a designated smoking area. This is an example of indirect observation using ______.
What is a physical trace or a use trace?
In order to determine causation, a scientist must run a carefully ______ experiment.
What is controlled?
This is often referred to as a hidden variable.
What is a confounding variable?
A Pearson's r value gives you information about how 2 variables are ______.
What is correlated?
By sampling broadly, scientists hope to enhance ______ validity.
What is external?
The measure of agreement between 2 or more independent observers
What is interobserver reliability?
The subject design for a study in which school spirit of Barnard students and Columbia College students is compared
What is between-subject?
This is the measured variable.
What is a dependent variable?
The threshold for a p value in order to report a result as significant.
What is p<0.05?
Clear operational definitions help researchers gain ______ validity.
What is construct?
One justification for the use of disguised participant observation is to limit ______.
What is reactivity?
The admissions committee for a law school compares students' transcripts to determine if there are changes in the rigor of class selection and in student performance through the 4 years of college. This practice is based on this subject design.
What is within-subject or repeated measures design?
In a study entitled, "The effect of sleep on memory," the independent variable is ______.
What is sleep?
The stronger correlation given r values of 0.5 and -0.6
What is -0.6?
Confounding variables weaken the ______ validity of a study.
What is internal?
The use of blind observers and coded groups seeks to minimize ______.
What is observer bias or expectancy effect?
You want to design an experiment where you compare people based on marital status. However, you can't tell people to remain single, get married, or get divorced. You must rely on this group design to conduct your study.
What is a natural groups design?
To hold something constant, such as socioeconomic class
What is a control variable?
In column (bar) graphs, the height of the column represents the group mean while the height of the error bar represents ______.
What is a measure of variability (SD, SEM)?
This sampling technique enhances external validity because it allows behaviors to be generalized in different locations.
What is situation sampling?