Cognitive Development
What is egocentrism?
Not being able to understand that others have their own perspective on things (inability to understand others perspectives)
True or False:
the findings in the experiment by Harlow, suggest that contact comfort is generally more important than food alone in the formation of attachment, although a small number of infant monkeys preferred the wire mother.
True
thinking about thinking, what is this?
metacognition
Scapegoats are usually those with...
The least amount of power
What is an in-group & out-group?
In group -> the group you belong to
Out group -> the group you don't belong to
What is object permanence?
the ability to know that objects, people, or things continue to exist even when not visibly in sight
The emotional connection between a baby and their caregiver
Attachment
Divergent thinking
What is social identity theory?
Theory that argues that discrimination occurs because people increase their own self-esteem by favoring their in-group and negatively evaluating out-group members
Define affective & cognitive components of attitude
Affective component -> your feelings towards or about something
Cognitive component -> your thoughts towards or about something
According to Article 2: “Closing the Achievement Gap with Baby Talk”, what is offered as a solution to help “low income children” improve their language skills?
Teaching caregivers to increase the amount of words, any words, they speak to their children before the age of 4
In Vygotsky's work, what is the key factor in child development?
social interactions/scaffolding
Define confirmation bias. Give an example.
Only paying attention to evidence that supports your beliefs and ignoring any other evidence/data
Ex: My neighbor keeps saying it gets colder & colder, I show him the weather for the past 3 years, but everytime it's cold he tells me "see I told you"
What is cognitive dissonance?
Your behavior doesn't match your attitude
Ex: I say I don't like junk food, it's bad for the environment, but then I buy some junk food and then feel uncomfortable with my decision
Define the bystander effect & diffusion of responsibility
Bystander effect -> when the number of bystanders influences and affects the possibility of helping others (the more ppl there are, the more of a bystander you are)
Diffusion of responsibility -> the more ppl there are, the less you are to help the person in trouble bc you believe that the other ppl will help
According to Article 1: “Baby Wordsworth”, why don’t instructional DVDs increase a baby’s vocabulary?
Both that T.V. overstimulates the brain and that DVDs may replace one-on-one time between parents and children.
What are the three types of temperament? Define them
1) Easy -> happy, calm, outgoing
2) Slow-to-warm up -> reserved but then slowly adapts to new things and opens up more
3) Difficult -> irregular sleeping schedules, highly emotional, loud, active, not happy w/ change
Define heuristic. Give an example
Metal shortcut or "rule of thumb" that helps you achieve a goal
Ex: I lost my water bottle, I'm in Janelle's office and I'm retracing my steps, then I remember where I left it and I find my water bottle
What is the fundamental attribution error? Give an example
overestimate the dispositional factors that drive other people's behavior
Ex: Ms.Ania is late to class multiple times, you guys think she's just lazy & irresponsible, but in reality, she just always gets stuck in traffic
Define dispositional & situational causes and give examples for both
Dispositional causes -> explain a person's behavior by relying on their internal attributes, such as personality traits (lazy, irresponsible, outgoing)
Situational causes -> explain a person's behavior by relying on external attributes (environment) what is happening around them (car crash, dog died, the sun is out)
What are the four stages of Piaget's Theory? Define them as well as their ages
1) sensorimotor stage (0-2) -> exploring the world w/ senses
2) preoperational stage (2 -7) -> language as a means to make sense of the world, inability to conserve
3) concrete operational stage (7 -12) -> able to conserve, reverse their thinking, think logically
4) formal operations stage (12+) -> think abstractly and understand hypotheticals & systems
What are the four types of attachment? Define them
1) Secure -> safe to explore/have mom there, distressed when mom leaves, can be comforted by stranger, happy when mom returns
2) Avoidant -> plays w/ toys & pays little attention to mom, isn't distressed when mom leaves or when stranger is there, when mom returns, avoids mom
3) Ambivalent -> unable to explore, very clingy, upset w/ stranger & when mom left, inconsistent reactions when mom returned
4) Disorganized -> inconsistencies all throughout, when mom returns, they might give confusing or contradictory responses
Define functional fixedness. Give an example
You can only see the function of an object as one thing, and no other way to use it
Ex: I want to pick my nose, but I can't use the markers that I have because I can only see them as something I can write on the whiteboard
Explain the Asch's Line study, what did it find?
A row of Confederates and one participant were presented with a target line and then asked which of the lines they were presented with was the most similar in length. 1/3 of the participants went along with the incorrect answer, everyone said. They found conformity.
Explain the Milgram Experiment, what did it find?