Chap 9 - Relationships
This theory states that people think about the rewards they can obtain from alternative relationships to evaluate their own relationship.
Social Exchange Theory - A theory based on the idea that how people feel about a relationship depends on their assessments of its costs and rewards.
(Note: Investment Model of Commitment integrates many features of the SET -- The Investment Model maintains that three determinants make partners more committed to each other: relationship satisfaction, few alternative partners, and investments in the relationship.)
This effect describes to the tendency to increasingly like a stimulus the more frequently it is encountered.
Mere exposure effect
This theoretical perspective can be used to understand Christian's behavior: Christian feels pride and a boost in self- esteem when his soccer team scores a goal, and expresses anger when the opposing team scores.
Motivational perspective
This is the second step of Zajonc's model of social facilitation.
Arousal (MP - A - DR)
A 4-year old gives a toy to her crying sister in hopes that her father will see her sharing and reward her with praise. Which prosocial behavior motive best describes her behavior?
Social reward motive
This type of distance has a stronger effect than physical distance. In one study, students were more likely to become friends with their desk partner than other students in the room who were also within the same physical distance. Consider the results of the Westgate West apartment complex study!
Functional
Identify a practice that researchers identified that can strengthen romantic relationships.
Capitalize on the good; be playful; engage in partner idealization
This theory represents the idea that group conflict, prejudice, and discrimination are likely to arise over competition between groups of limited resources and is part of the economic perspective. Hint: Robber's Cave
Realistic group conflict theory
This term refers to a reduced sense of personal identity, accompanied by diminished self-regulation than can come over people when they are in a large group.
Deindividuation
Identify an aspect of the SITUATION that affects the likelihood that someone will help a person in need.
late/on time; presence of others; amount of cost to assist; how others are responding; vivid awareness of events
These are the 3 determinants of commitment according to the Investment Model of Commitment.
Satisfaction
Alternative Partner availability
Investment magnitude
Which of the following predicts greater relationship dissatisfaction? Stonewalling, High self- esteem, Few expressions of contempt, Low sensitivity to rejection, Marrying at a younger age, Higher levels of neuroticism.
-Stonewalling
-Marrying at a younger age
-Higher levels of neuroticism
This paradigm, aligned with the motivational perspective, is demonstrated when researchers assemble arbitrary groups to study how the members behavior toward one another.
Minimal group paradigm
This is the cause of group polarization described in the following statement: Group discussion tends to expose an average person to new lines of reasoning that strengthen the position they were leaning toward.
Persuasive arguments
(The second cause of group polarization is called social comparison)
Identifying with someone in need, including feeling and understand what that person is experiencing, accompanied by the intention to help someone.
Empathic concern (true form of altruism)
This term from the Social Exchange Theory refers to expectations people have about what they should get out of a relationship.
Comparison level
This is the attitudinal and affective component of bias in intergroup relationships.
Prejudice
This hypothesis is the idea that bringing together people of different races and ethnicities will lead to reduced prejudice and discrimination. It does appear to have support, but only when certain conditions are met in addition to the straightforward bringing together of groups.
Contact hypothesis
This concept is illustrated in the following example related to group decision making: Patricia thought the prom theme that her committee came up with was offensive, but she kept quiet because she didn't want to rock the boat.
Self-censorship
According to longitudinal work on volunteering, it may be better to ____ than to ____!
Give; receive
Describe key takeaways of the Finkel et al. article critique study.
This study demonstrated that a 21-min writing intervention in which participants reappraised conflict in their marriage protected them against declines in marital quality over time. It also provided evidence that this effect was driven, at least in part, by a reduction in conflict-related distress over time among participants in the intervention condition.
The Age IAT measures _____ to compare responses to old/good versus old/bad pairings.
Response time / Reaction time
This concept describes the tendency to perceive outgroup members as being more similar to each other than the members of one's own group.
Outgroup homogeneity effect
This concept refers to faulty thinking by members of highly cohesive groups, in which critical scrutiny of the issues at hand is overshadowed by social pressures to reach consensus.
Groupthink
Researchers have developed four explanations for the rural-urban difference in helping rates. Name two of the four explanations.
1.Urban overload hypothesis
2.Diversity hypothesis
3.More people
4.Status/reputation