Chapter 1
What is the step after hypothesis in the theory-data cycle?
preregistration
What is a third/additional variable that correlates systematically with both cause and outcome, providing an alternative explanation for their relationship?
A confound
What type of claim describes the rate or percentage of a single variable and is commonly supported by surveys?
frequency claims
A researcher wants to determine whether taking an exam with an authority figure in the room causes more stress to the exam taker by measuring the participant's heart rate throughout the exam. What type of measure did the researcher use?
physiological
What are the three core principles of The Belmont Report?
Respect for persons, beneficence, and justice
True or False: Studies prove theories.
False. Data from a study can either support or not support a theory
Behavioral research is _________, which means that its findings are not expected to explain all the cases all the time.
probabilistic
What type of claim involves two measured variables and is typically supported by a correlational study?
association claim
A ranking of marathon finishers would be an example of a(n)____ scale
ordinal
Which principle of The Belmont Report does informed consent fall under?
Respect for persons
What type of research is conducted to increase the general body of knowledge on a topic?
Basic Research
What are the 4 biases based on intuition?
Good story, availability heuristic, confirmation bias, bias blind spot
What type of validity asks, “How sure are we that one variable actually caused a change in another variable?” and is only relevant to causal claims?
internal validity
The statement “researchers found that when the variable ‘time spent with friends’ increased, the variable ‘stress’ decreased.” would most likely be paired with which r value?
a.) -.004
b.) .8
c.) .003
d.)-.7
D
What is the difference between an anonymous study and a confidential study?
Anonymous: not collecting any identifying information; confidential: collecting identifying information, but it is not disclosed
What type of research is conducted to solve practical problems (the findings will be directly applied to finding a solution to a real-world problem)?
applied research
______ journal articles summarize all published studies from a particular research area
review
In an experiment, which variable is measured and which is manipulated? What axis does each go on?
Independent: manipulated (X); dependent: measured (Y)
___ reliability is needed when a measure has multiple items that measure the same construct
internal
What form of deception involves withholding information from the participant?
Omission
What is it called when articles are seen by other experts in the field before they are published to ensure they are of high quality?
peer-review
What are the 6 components of an empirical journal article?
Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion, References
What three criteria must be established to support a causal claim?
Covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity
Researchers find that employees who scored highly on job performance tests tend to perform better at work than those who scored lower. The job performance test they took has a high level of what validity?
criterion
The Tuskegee Syphilis study specifically targeted impoverished African American sharecroppers. Which principle of the Belmont Report does this violate?
justice