Hormones & Biorhythms
Neurotransmitter primarily used by the somatic nervous system
Acetylcholine (ACH)
A change in an organism's behavior as a result of experience
Learning
The area of the brain where language is typically processed
Left hemisphere
Term for the cognitive interpretations of subjective feelings
Emotion
Names of the three small bones that transmit vibrations from the eardrum to the oval window
The three ossicles known as the hammer, anvil, and stirrup
The structure that helps prevent most substances, including drugs, from entering the brain via the bloodstream
Blood brain barrier
Direction of ion movement across concentration gradients
Ions move from high to low areas of concentration
When all external cues are removed, animals run on a free-rhythm. The free running rhythm of a human is ________
More than 24 hours
A learning procedure in which the consequences of a particular behavior increase or decrease the probability of the behavior occurring again
Operant conditioning
-70 millivolts
An area of the nervous system that is responsible for excessive anxieties and fears
Amygdala
Receptors that provides information about body position and is part of the somatosensory system
Proprioceptive
The area of the brain that plans behavior
The part of the neuron that helps regulate the concentration of different ions inside and outside of the neuron
Cell membrane
Location where oxytocin is produced
Hypothalamus
A decrease in response to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly and accompanied by no change in other stimuli
Habituation
The frontal lobes are responsible for controlling ________
Decision making
Eating for pleasure is an example of what type of behavior?
Nonregulatory behavior
The three major classes of somatosensory receptors
Nocioception, hapsis, proprioception
The area of the brain that produces the sequences of movement needed to carry out the complex behavior
Premotor cortex
Name of the brief hyperpolarization of the neuronal membrane that makes it less likely that the neuron will fire an action potential
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
Two hormones that act in contrast to each other to regulate sleep and wakefulness: When X is high, Y is low, and vice-a versa.
X = melatonin
Y = cortisol
Conscious memory: subjects can retrieve an item and indicate that they know that the retrieved item is the correct item.
Explicit memory
What does the following list describe? (i) Are active during observation of the action of others; (ii) are active during imitation of the facial expressions of others; (iii) may allow us to understand the thoughts and emotions of others.
Mirror neurons
Mobilization of energy for vigorous movement is a key function of the automatic component of what response?
Emotional response
______ is critical for object recognition
Ventral stream
Area of the brain that specifies the muscles needed to produce the specific movements
Primary motor cortex
What the neuron uses to maintain the resting potential
The primary neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system
Norepinephrine
Unconscious memory: subjects can demonstrate knowledge, such as a skill, conditioned response, or recalling events on prompting, but cannot explicitly retrieve the information.
Implicit memory
A person who has unilateral neglect and is not aware of objects or events in the left side of his/her/their world most likely has a lesion in the ________
Right parietal lobe
The name of the experience in which stimulation in one sensory modality gives rise to a sensation in another modality
Synesthesia
______ is critical for action
Dorsal stream
Neurons that are active during observation of others, imitation of others' facial expressions, and that may allow us to understand the thoughts and emotions of others
Mirror neurons
The position of the sodium channels when the neuronal membrane is at rest
Sodium channels are closed when the neuronal membrane is at rest
List the correct order of the hormones that the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis uses to communicate.
corticotropin releasing hormone --> adrenocorticotropin hormone --> cortisol
Autobiographical memory for events pegged to specific place and time contexts.
Episodic memory
The creation of novel sequences of thoughts is most likely the function of the _____________
Frontal lobes
What allow us to (i) enhance memory formation, (ii) make quick, moral judgements, and (iii) avoid negative consequences?
Emotions
The name of the area of the cortex to which incoming somatosensory information travels from the thalamus to
Parietal lobe
Efferent is to _______ information
Afferent is to _______ information
Outgoing motor (Efferent)
Incoming sensory (Afferent)
The type of ion movement that occurs just after the peak of an action potential restores the membrane to approximately the resting potential
Potassium ions leave the cell
Area that stores Oxytocin and Vasopressin
Posterior pituitary gland
(A) Inability to remember events that took place before brain trauma occurs is _________ (B) Inability to remember events that occur after brain trauma occurs is _________
(A) Retrograde
(B) Anterograde
Neurons that combine different sources of sensory information are called ______
Multimodal neurons
Autonomic response, cognitions, and subjective feelings are three components of an ________
Emotion
Somatosensory receptors that detect pressure and vibration
hapsis
Brain area that produces growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, prolactin, Luteinizing hormone, Follicle stimulating hormone, and Adrenocorticotropin
Anterior pituitary gland
Movement of these ions can cause an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
Cl- influx