Sensation & Perception
________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.
A. Perception; transduction
B. Perception; sensation
C. Transduction; perception
D. Sensation; perception
B. Perception; sensation
61. What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
A. conditioning
B. instincts
C. learning
D. reflexes
C. learning
13. Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence from the multiple intelligences theory.
A. bodily kinesthetic
B. interpersonal
C. logical–mathematical
D. spatial
C. logical–mathematical
7. Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ________ illusion.
A. Meissner
B. Ménière
C. Merkel
D. Müller-Lyer
D. Müller-Lyer
46. The auditory cortex, in which sound stimuli are processed for perception, is located in the ________ lobe.
A. frontal
B. parietal
C. occipital
D. temporal
D. temporal
32. _______ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds.
A. higher; louder
B. higher; quieter
C. higher; weaker
D. lower; louder
A. higher; louder
63. Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and a joey (baby kangaroo) moving to its mother’s pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.
A. conditioning
B. instincts
C. learning
D. reflexes
B. instincts
14. Aram is proficient in playing a number of instruments and can easily learn new songs and rhythms. This exemplifies ________ intelligence from the multiple intelligences theory.
A. linguistic
B. logical–mathematical
C. musical
D. spatial
C. musical
19. Which individual was asked by the French government to create an assessment tool – an intelligence test, of sorts – that would be used to identify schoolchildren who would be more likely to have difficulty in school?
A. Louis Terman
B. Marcelle Curie
C. Sir Francis Galton
D. Alfred Binet
D. Alfred Binet
20. The practice of administering, scoring, and interpreting an assessment tool in the same manner is called ________.
A. standardization
B. norming
C. validation
D. cohorting
A. standardization
5. Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit’s friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn’t know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived.
A. attention
B. friendship
C. habit
D. mood
A. attention
90. Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?
A. classical conditioning
B. imitation
C. modeling
D. operant conditioning
D. operant conditioning
11. Anwar is hiking in the woods and he gets lost. He spends several days trying to find his way back to his basecamp, but he has the knowledge to gather wood, start a fire, and keep himself warm at night. He is also able to identify local berries and mushrooms growing that he can eat without being poisoned. Anwar is demonstrating ________ intelligence from the triarchic theory.
A. analytic
B. fluid
C. functional
D. practical
D. practical
72. What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?
A. boys display fear differently from girls
B. boys display more fear than girls
C. emotion can be a conditioned response
D. fear cannot be a conditioned response
C. emotion can be a conditioned response
36. What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?
A. afterimage
B. preimage
C. binocular image
D. monocular image
A. afterimage
39. Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater?
A. cones
B. fovea
C. iris
D. rods
D. rods
93. What is the main idea of operant conditioning?
A. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
B. Fear is a conditioned response.
C. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
D. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.
A. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
117. The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________.
A. analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast
B. produce new products or ideas and invent novel solutions to a problem
C. provide correct or established answers to a problem
D. think outside the box to arrive at novel solutions to a problem
A. analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast
24. What is the Flynn effect?
A. Once a person knows his IQ, he stops trying to excel academically.
B. The idea that standard intelligence tests are flawed when they are used to compare ethnic groups.
C. The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.
D. The observation that each generation has a significantly lower IQ than the previous generation.
C. The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.
27. “Each person is born with a genetic potential to reach a certain level of potential, but whether or not they accomplish that level depends on their environments and experiences.” This is the foundation of the ________ model.
A. evolutionary
B. g-factor
C. triarchic
D. range of reaction
D. range of reaction
51. Ronaldo was born without the ability to experience pain, though he can perceive temperature differences and changes in pressure. What is his condition called?
A. congenital analgesia
B. inherited numbness
C. Korsakoff’s disease
D. Pacinian syndrome
A. congenital analgesia
66. In Pavlov’s classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word ________.
A. learned
B. instinctive
C. reflexive
D. reactive
A. learned
17. In Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence.
A. interpersonal; intrapersonal
B. intrapersonal; naturalist
C. logical–mathematical; interpersonal
D. musical; linguistic
A. interpersonal; intrapersonal
73. Which option is the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayner’s work with “little Albert”?
A. It would be unethical by today’s research standards.
B. It did not use multiple pairings of an UCS with a NS.
C. They did not have the permission of Albert’s mother to conduct the research.
D. The provided no compensation to Albert’s mother for his participation in the study.
A. It would be unethical by today’s research standards.
30. Although her reading skills are just fine, Beatriz has difficulty with her writing. Her teachers have noticed that no matter how hard she tries and how much they work with her the handwriting on her papers is almost illegible. Further, although she has great thoughts and understands concepts at a high level, she is unable to put them into a cohesive written paper. Beatriz may suffer from ________.
A. dyslexia
B. dysgraphia
C. dyscalculia
D. intellectual disability
B. dysgraphia