Chapter 6: Learning
This is a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in an organism
What is an unconditioned stimulus?
This kind of concept is created "naturally" through your experiences and can be developed from either direct or indirect experiences
What is a natural concept?
This type of processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words
What is automatic processing?
This concept means that the child is not able to take the perspective of others
What is egocentrism?
This is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events
This concept is a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience
What is learning?
This refers to the set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of the lexicon
What is grammar?
This kind of memory is an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event
What is a flashbulb memory?
In this type of development, the change is more sudden, such as an infant’s ability to conceive object permanence
What is discontinuous development?
These are are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as maturation and the change of seasons
What are instincts?
In this type of punishment, you add an undesirable stimulus to decrease a behavior
What is positive punishment?
This is a problem-solving framework
What is a heuristic?
This concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories
What is suggestibility?
In this style of attachment, children tend to show clingy behavior, but then they reject the attachment figure’s attempts to interact with them
What is resistant attachment?
This bias occurs when you focus on one piece of information when making a decision or solving a problem
What is an anchoring bias?
In this reinforcement schedule, the person or animal gets the reinforcement based on varying amounts of time, which are unpredictable
What is a variable interval reinforcement schedule?
This theory states that intelligence is comprised of three parts: practical, analytical, and creative intelligence
What is the triarchic theory of intelligence?
This part of the brain is involved in creating implicit memories
What is the cerebellum?
In this stage of Piaget's theory, children can use symbols to represent words, images, and ideas
What is the preoperational stage?
This is is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus
What is a teratogen?
This concept states that behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely to be repeated, and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated
What is law of effect?
This refers to an extension of a language rule to an exception to the rule
What is overgeneralization?
This happens when information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information
What is retroactive interference?
This theory states that successful completion of each eight developmental task results in a sense of competence and a healthy personality
What is psychosocial development?
This is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance
What is the self-reference effect?