LEARNING
A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
What is Learning?
A mental grouping of similar things.
What is a Concept?
The 3-stage process for taking information in, retaining it, and later getting it back out.
What are Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval?
Learning through observing the rewarding or punishing consequences of other people's behavior
What is vicarious conditioning?
The brains ability to change and develop neural pathways in response to learning
What is plasticity?
The process of learning stimulus-response associations.
What is Classical Conditioning?
The most systematic procedure for solving a problem.
What is an Algorithm?
A term associated with short-term memory which focuses on the active processing that occurs during this stage.
What is Working Memory?
The tendency to pay more attention to what we already believe.
What is confirmation bias?
The amount of information held in memory at any time.
What is memory span?
When behavioral responses are either reinforced or punished.
What is Operant Conditioning?
The inability to view a problem from a new perspective.
What is Fixation?
When a person uses rehearsal, the conscious repetition of information, to help them remember.
What is Maintenance Rehearsal?
A partial reinforcement schedule that provides reinforcement after a specific number of operant behavioral responses
What is fixed ratio?
Beliefs that are highly resistant to change, even when there is disconfirming evidence
What is belief persistence?
A stimulus that is presented after a response, and that increases the frequency of that response.
What is a Positive Reinforcer?
You notice that your new neighbor is neatly dressed, wears glasses, and is reading a Greek play. When given a choice of whether she is a librarian or a store clerk, you incorrectly guess that she is a librarian. You fell victim to this type of error.
What is the Representativeness Heuristic?
When forgetting is due to encoding failure, information has not been transferred between these two.
What are Short-Term Memory and Long-Term Memory?
Edward Thorndike's discovery that behaviors which lead to a satisfying state of affairs are "stamped in".
What is the law of effect?
Items that are grouped together in memory because they are meaningfully associated.
What is chunking?
When individuals learn by imitating the behavior of someone else.
What is Observational Learning?
When the retrieval of a memory is enhanced in contexts that were similar to the one that existed when the memory was encoded.
What is context dependent memory?
When a new memory interferes with the retrieval of an old memory.
What is retroactive interference?
When a stimulus elicits decreasing response from an organism due to repeated exposure to the stimulus over time.
What is habituation?
When an animal displays a conditioned response to a neutral stimulus that is similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus
What is generalization?