Psychoactive Drugs
Interfere with reuptake of dopamine
Increased release of dopamine → increased behavioral and mental activity
Cocaine prevents reuptake of dopamine → confidence, alertness, and sociability
Methamphetamine (meth) → block reuptake of dopamine and eventually damage frontal lobes
Stimulants
Moment-by-moment subjective experience.
What is Consciousness?
focus of mental resources on specific information to become consciously aware of it
Attention
a person is truly sleepy; EEGs show k-complexes and sleep spindles
Stage N2 sleep
What does Sleep deprivation lead to?
Depressants (sedatives)
Awareness of the external world and inner mental activity
What is Conscious?
Fast and does not require a lot of mental resources
What is Automatic processing?
a person is drifting off; EEGs show slower theta waves; hypnic jerk
Stage N1 sleep
How Can You Develop Better Sleep Habits?
mind-altering substances that change the brain’s neurochemistry by activating neurotransmitter systems
Psychoactive drug
Lack of awareness of the external world and inner mental activity
What is Unconscious?
Slow and requires more mental resources
What is Controlled processing?
a person is substantially less conscious and is hard to awaken; EEGs reveal larger delta waves (also known as slow-wave sleep)
Stage N3 sleep
an inability to sleep
Insomnia
Alcohol
A clear awareness of the external world and inner mental activity
What is Normal waking state of consciousness
Who theorized that much of human behavior is determined by mental processes operating below the level of conscious awareness?
Freud
What describes Rapid eye movements, “Paradoxical sleep” sleeping body with an active brain, EEGs show beta wave activity, which is associated with an awake, alert mind, Dreaming, and paralysis of motor systems?
REM sleep
when a person, while asleep, stops breathing because the throat closes, resulting in frequent awakenings throughout the night
Sleep apnea
Increase pleasure by binding with opiate receptors and activating dopamine receptors, Have been used to relieve pain, but long-term use is associated with addiction and a number of neurological and cognitive deficits
Opioids
What are the two levels of consciousness?
conscious & unconscious
What is Subliminal Perception?
brain activation + vivid, intense dreams
REM dreams
a disorder in which a person experiences excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours, sometimes going limp and collapsing
Narcolepsy
Alter sensation and perception, MDMA (ecstasy) is associated with serotonin release and may lead to memory impairment, Marijuana activates cannabinoid receptors, which leads to enhanced mental activity, memory impairment, and altered pain perception
Hallucinogens
level of consciousness depends on which brain region is active
Global Workspace Model
a failure to be aware of visual information when one’s attention is directed elsewhere.
What is Inattentional blindness?
brain deactivation + mundane dreams
Non-REM dreams
a person does not become paralyzed during REM sleep, resulting in acting out dreams while sleeping
REM behavior disorder
psychological disorder in which people feel in irresistible urge to use a drug despite negative consequences
Substance use disorder
external trauma causes changes in consciousness as well as physical damage to the brain
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Attention involves what two processes?
automatic processing & controlled processing
dreaming reveals unconscious conflicts with manifest content and latent content; there is no evidence to support this theory
Freudian
occurs during slow-wave sleep and typically among children
Somnambulism, or sleepwalking
need for more of a drug to get the same effect
Tolerance
A state that may reflect either a more vivid awareness or a less clear awareness of the external world and inner mental activity.
What is Altered state of consciousness?
sleep allows the brain to restore itself
Restorative theory
dreams result from mind’s attempts to make sense of random neural activity
Activation-Synthesis Theory
Hypnosis
physiological and psychological symptoms that occur when a person fails to ingest an addictive substance
Withdrawal
aware but unable to respond
Minimally conscious state
sleep limits the activity of animals at times of day when threats of harm are greatest
Circadian rhythm theory
aids regulation of circadian rhythms because bright light reduces production and darkness increases production
Melatonin
person “acts” hypnotized
Sociocognitive theory of hypnosis
Influences on drug abuse
not associated with consciousness
unresponsive wakefulness syndrome
sleep promotes strengthening of neural connections
Consolidation theory
the regulation of biological cycles into regular, daily patterns.
Circadian rhythms
a trancelike state where awareness is separated from other aspects of consciousness; there is significant evidence to support this theory
Dissociation theory of hypnosis