Sensation & Perception
________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.
A. Perception; transduction
B. Perception; sensation
C. Transduction; perception
D. Sensation; perception
B. Perception; sensation
What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
A. conditioning
B. instincts
C. learning
D. reflexes
C. learning
________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.
A. Cognition
B. Personality
C. Conceptualization
D. Priming
A. Cognition
What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?
A. automatic processing
B. effortful processing
C. memory
D. sensory encoding
C. memory
If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?
A. amygdala
B. cerebellum
C. hippocampus
D. prefrontal cortex
A. amygdala
Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?
A. cones
B. fovea
C. lens
D. rods
A. cones
Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?
A. fixed interval
B. fixed ratio
C. variable interval
D. variable ratio
D. variable ratio
What is the confirmation bias?
A. believing the event you just experienced was predictable
B. focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs
C. focusing only on one piece of information when making a decision
D. stereotyping someone or something unintentionally
B. focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs
What type of memories do we consciously try to remember, recall, and report?
A. explicit memories
B. implicit memories
C. sensory memories
D. short-term memories
A. explicit memories
A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.
A. syllable
B. morpheme
C. phoneme
D. syntactic unit
C. phoneme
Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit’s friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn’t know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived.
A. attention
B. friendship
C. habit
D. mood
A. attention
What is the main idea of operant conditioning?
A. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
B. Fear is a conditioned response.
C. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
D. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.
A. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?
A. anchoring bias
B. functional fixedness
C. hindsight bias
D. representative bias
B. functional fixedness
The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.
A. encoding
B. hyperthymesia
C. retrieval
D. storage
C. retrieval
A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning.
A. letter
B. morpheme
C. phoneme
D. syllable
B. morpheme
Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________.
A. a just noticeable difference
B. subliminal perception
C. top-down processing
D. transduction
D. transduction
In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.
A. conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response
B. neutral response and a conditioned response
C. neutral stimulus and a neutral response
D. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
D. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends’ moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of the multiple intelligences model does this exemplify?
A. interpersonal
B. intrapersonal
C. linguistic
D. naturalist
A. interpersonal
What is episodic memory?
A. information about events we have personally experienced
B. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts
C. storage of facts and events we have personally experienced
D. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things
A. information about events we have personally experienced
What is the main idea of social learning theory?
A. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
B. Fear is a conditioned response.
C. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
D. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.
D. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.
If you watch a flock of birds flying overhead, each very close to the next one, you may perceive them as all being part of the same group. If they were all spaced very much apart, however, you may see them as individual birds not flying together. This distinction takes advantage of which Gestalt principle?
A. proximity
B. closure
C. contiguity
D. figure-ground
A. proximity
Which of the following is an example of a reflex?
A. deciding that you want to be a parent
B. jumping for joy when your favorite team wins a championship
C. addressing your elders as “sir” or “ma’am” because that is how you were raised
D. the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light
D. the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light
What is the Flynn effect?
A. Once a person knows his IQ, he stops trying to excel academically.
B. The idea that standard intelligence tests are flawed when they are used to compare ethnic groups.
C. The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.
D. The observation that each generation has a significantly lower IQ than the previous generation.
C. The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.
Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?
A. amygdala
B. cerebellum
C. hippocampus
D. primary cortex
B. cerebellum
Which school of thinking in psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure?
A. Ruffinian
B. Gestalt
C. Pacinian
D. Humanistic
B. Gestalt