Attributions
Danny tells you about how a class you are interested in that he took was really hard, challenging and he had to work so hard for a good grade but that he loved the content and would take it again. You decide not to take the class. What effect is influencing your decision?
The primacy effect
What are the 3 components of attitudes?
Affect: emotion of theory towards
Cognition: thoughts/reasoning
Behavioral intention: intend to behave consistently
What are implicit attitudes?
Unconscious, automatically activated attitudes that may influence behavior without our being aware that they exist or are influencing our behavior. Measured by the implicit association test
Explain the difference between compliance and acceptance.
Compliance is conforming without really believing in what we are doing while acceptance is conforming and truly believing in what we are doing
Washing your hands after using the bathroom could be considered a _______
Prosocial behavior: an act that is positively valued in society
If an effect occurs in the presence of an inhibitory cause, we make a stronger attribution to a facilitative cause, this is _____________. But when a given reason contributes less to an effect if other plausible causes are also present is ______________.
Augmentation; Discounting
Jeremy believes strongly in environmental conservation and reducing their carbon footprint, however they drive a big diesel pickup truck everyday, it's a gas guzzler. What is this an example of? How might he deal with this discomfort?
Cognitive dissonance theory, his actions and behaviors are not constant, to relieve this he may justify by saying “my car isn’t the biggest polluter, others have worse” or “I need it for work” or “I do a lot for the environment this is the one thing”
You’re a well known foster home for dogs and one day, a shelter calls you and ask if you care about dogs finding a forever home. You say yes of course, they then ask you to donate $300 to their foundation, which is too much. They then ask for just $50, to which you agree. What effects did they utilize here?
To begin, they started with foot in the door, by having you agree to being a forever home supporter. Then by using the door in the face effect, they presented you with a larger amount to donate, then reduced the amount to one that was more feasible to pay.
What are some ways to reduce racism?
The contact hypothesis
Recategorization
What is the difference between helping behaviors and altruism?
Helping behavior: intentional act designed to benefit another living being and altruism is an intentional act motivated by the desire to help another being rather than by the desire to improve one’s own welfare - it is really hard to prove altruism, it is hard to know a person’s motives
You see a person laughing while their friend appears to be crying. What are the 3 kinds of attributions you could have in this situation about the person laughing?
Person: your study buddy is not smart on the topic tested
Situation: Something was distracting or going on that caused your study buddy to not do well
Entity: The test itself was really hard
Imagine you are told to lie to your friend and tell them the movie you just saw was great, when in reality you didn’t like it. They say they will give you $2 to lie, leaving you feeling uncomfortable still. You start to convince yourself that you actually liked the movie which relieves some of the tension. What is this an example of?
Insufficient justification effect: the small external reward was not enough to justify lying, so you change your internal attitude to resolve dissonance.
You are going to look at an apartment in which they said that the monthly rent was $800, and which is a great price. After agreeing to the deal, the homeowner begins to explain all of the other hidden fees and monthly payments (electrical and plumbing), adding up to about $1,300. You are still more likely to agree to this, what is this an example of?
The low-ball technique, where the initial request was a true request, but the real cost is hidden.
What are the 3 factors that influence obedience to authority?
Emotional distance of the victim, closeness and legitimacy of the authority, institutional authority and group influence
What are some factors influencing helping behaviors?
Models: if you see someone helping someone, you're more likely to help
Time constraints: time pressure leads to less likely to help
A friend of yours plays basketball, and they have been working really hard. They tryout for the team and don’t make it. They blame the coaches for having bad judgement and putting someone who didn’t deserve the spot over you, saying that person must have an in with the coach. What bias are you applying here?
Self-serving bias: when talking about yourself, the external attribution is why you experienced failure, while the success for the other person was also external, not having to do with their basketball ability.
Your little brother loves to draw for fun, your parents start to give them a reward every time they draw something. At first, he likes drawing and the rewards, but later he begins to draw in order to get the rewards rather than enjoying. When he gets older, the rewards stop, he no longer enjoys drawing. What is this an example of?
Overjustification effect: the external rewards diminished the motivation for your brother to draw for the joy of it. When the rewards stopped, there was less motivation to draw.
What are the 3 components of prejudice?
Affect: positive or negative evaluation, cognition: stereotypes, behavioral intention: discrimination
What are the two reasons people conform?
Normative influence: conforming based on the desire to be accepted by others
Informational influence: conformity based on accepting evidence about reality provided by other people - observing others reality to make own decisions
What does Batson say about altruism?
We must differentiate between helping in order to feel good and feeling good about having helped
You are watching the winter olympics and your favorite skier bombs her race. You now believe they are not very good. What attribution error or bias did you have?
Fundamental attribution bias: When making attributions for other people's behavior, we underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of the person
Someone who doesn’t consider themselves to be super social or enjoy party settings goes out with a friend who is persistent in asking one night. They end up having a great time. Afterwards they reflect and believe that they may actually enjoy going to social events more than they originally thought, what is this an example of?
Self-perception theory: the behavior of being at the party and enjoying it leads them to infer that they may like socializing more than they had thought, inferring their attitude based on behaviors.
What are the 4 ideologies of racism?
Overt
Covert
Modern racism (McConahay)
Regressive racism
In a 2nd grade classroom, they divide the kids into two groups. Group A is kids from more wealthy families while group B is from lower income families. Group A consistently appears to perform better in academics. Explain how this grouping can cause prejudice by applying the sources of racism.
Social inequalities: group A have access to more resources and therefore have a better chance of succeeding
Ingroup/outgroup biases: Students from Group A view themselves as more capable and successful, often holding negative stereotypes about Group B. and Group B students may feel resentful. This creates a bias where each group sees their own members as superior (ingroup bias) and the other group as inferior (outgroup bias), reinforcing their separation.
Self-fulfilling prophecy: group A experiences more praise and begin to internalize that they are naturally smarter and more capable while group B may not get as much attention dn poor grades reinforce a feeling of incapability
You are in the New York Square and about 5 feet from you, you see a man walk up to a woman and attempt to steal her bag. She begins yelling for help and within a few moments, the man is running away and she has a bloody nose. What are the 5 steps of help and which steps did you have issues leading to your lack of assistance?
The 5 steps to helping:
Noticing: the more people there are, the less likely you are to notice - no issue per say
Interpretation: must interpret the emergency as an emergency, may take a moment to understand it being a robbery
Assume personal responsibility: more people = more diffusion of responsibility, not one person responsible, you’re not PARTICULARLY responsible
Form of assistance: what is needed and can you help, unknowing of how you can help
Implementation: often too late after figuring out the initial stages