procedural Memory
Declarative & Associative Memory
Immune Function & Metabolism
Deprivation: Body & Brain Consequences
Doubles
100
In terms of timing, sleeping ______ learning helps consolidates and enhance procedural memory
Sleeping AFTER earning helps consolidate and enhance procedural memory
100
Which sleep stage stabilizes memory for facts learned during the day?
Slow wave sleep (NREM 3&4), both quantity and quality
100
How does sleep loss alter the body’s response to a flu vaccine?
Lowered antibody response
100
What are some real world catastrophes caused by sleep deprivation?
Chernobyl, Exxon Valdez, fatal road accidents
100
What is a possible confound to studies that experimentally manipulate sleep deprivation? (Think about wet rats)
Stress! Stress has an influence on the brain, and is caused by sleep deprivation both in animal and human studies
200
True/False: Different kinds of procedural memories are consolidated during different stages of sleep.
True. Different skill memories seem to be consolidated by different stages of sleep, at different times of the night.
200
Describe two studies that found daytime naps could lead to enhanced memory.
Infant study with puppet imitation recall, preschool children study (with PSG & spindle finding), middle aged children recalled a lecture better days later (potentially they could mention nap studies in young adults that Matt mentioned in lecture on a tangent). Also the study where participants napped and then performed a free recall.
200
What are cytokines and how do cytokine levels affect sleep architecture?
Proteins released by the body that trigger an immune response – higher levels of cytokines lead to more total sleep and higher percentage of slow wave sleep
200
Who is Peter Tripp? What did he do and what happened to him?
Peter Tripp tried to set the record for sleep deprivation. Sleep deprived himself for 8 days. Started hallucinating and having delusions. After reaching his 8-day goal, he slept for 22 consecutive hours. However, years later, it was reported that he continued to suffer from psychological problems.
200
True or False: Cocaine increases the SWS duration by decreasing the level of serotonin and norepinephrine
False -> True for increasing SWS duration, but False as it increases the level of serotonin and norepinephrine
300
Which sleep stage is associated with improvement on a procedural motor skill memory task (i.e., the finger tapping task)?
Stage 2 NREM sleep (in the last quarter of the night)
300
In a study, participants were asked to learn the spatial location of various cards while being exposed to a specific rose scent. The same rose odor was presented during sleep and led to improved performance, but only if the odor was presented during which sleep stage?
Slow wave sleep
NREM 3 & 4
300
How does average sleep duration the week before being exposed to a virus affect susceptibility to catching a cold?
Participants were 3x more likely to catch a cold when they had slept less than five hours, compared to a week of nights of 7+ hours of sleep.
300
What ultimately led to the death of sleep deprived rats in the study by Everson and colleagues?
The longer the animals were awake, the more food they ate, but they continued to lose weight. Thermoregulation began to fail, and the rats died from immune system failure.
300
What is this area called? -hint: related to sleep and mood and reward
striatum, which is involved in processing rewarding stimuli
400
Performance on this task improves following which sleep stage?
The combination of Slow Wave Sleep and late REM sleep
400
What did the results from this experimental paradigm demonstrate?
Sleep significantly increased the likelihood of reporting the critical lure (in red) – that is, sleep extracted the commonalities and essentially got the “gist” of the whole experience
Sleep also abstracted additional and even more distant associations (yellow)
400
The World Health Organization has listed shift work as a “probable” carcinogen. What is one mechanism by which sleep loss increases cancer risk?
Sleep loss leads to decline in natural killer cell activity, which is linked to cancer
400
What task is considered the gold standard for measuring sleepiness?
The psychomotor vigilance task (PVT)
400
Which sleep stage is enhanced for the memory pair after odor representation?
SWS
500
Describe two experimental findings supporting this statement: ‘a night of sleep is necessary for enhancement of procedural memory’.
Subjects who were sleep deprived the night after learning a visual discrimination task never improved; subjects only improved on a motoric procedural memory task after a night of sleep.
500
Describe the process by which brain stimulation during sleep can be used to enhance memory recall.
By putting electrodes on the forehead - amplification of slow waves in prefrontal cortex enhances consolidation of declarative memories, leading to improved recall.
This is called direct current simulation.
500
In what ways can sleep deprivation alter metabolic processes?
(1) Hormone levels of Leptin (“don’t eat/I’m full”) and Ghrelin (“eat/I’m hungry”) change following sleep deprivation; (2) Glucose metabolism is impaired; (3) Sleep deprivation is associated with greater levels of diabetes and obesity; and (4) Sleep deprived individuals crave unhealthy food, particularly simple carbs and sweets.
500
What does this graph demonstrate?
That sleep deprivation is dose dependent and partial sleep deprivation can be just as devastating as total sleep deprivation over time.
500
true or False: Power of theta EEG activity predicts recovery from infection
False - Delta wave