The Scientific Method
The Research Process
Ethics
Experimentation and Between-Subject Designs
The Research Process (again)
Research Papers/APA Format
Survey Research
Quasi-Experimental Designs
100
This non-scientific method of inquiry involves acquiring knowledge based on chance or irrational beliefs.
What is superstition?
100
Unlike an interval scale, a ratio scale has this.
What is a non-arbitrary zero point?
[i.e. – Making $0 in salary indicates an absence of money (ratio scale), but temperature of 0◦ F does not indicate an absence of temperature (interval scale)]
100
During this phase of a study, participants have a chance to get questions answered, and researchers let the participants know about the study topic, including any deception used.
What is debriefing?
100
This is the primary advantage that experiments have over correlational studies.
What is the identification of causal relationships?
100
This is the scientific term for how accurately findings from a study can be generalized to real life.
What is external validity?
100
Which major section in an APA style paper is the only one with subtitle headings?
What is the Method section?
(Participants, Materials, and Procedure sections)
100
A sample is this when, for example, only undergraduates participate but researchers try to generalize results to all adults.
What is a biased, or unrepresentative sample?
100
This is the major thing that quasi-experimental designs lack, compared to true experimental designs.
What is random assignment to groups?
200
The scientific principle that the simplest explanation of a phenomenon is the most likely, and should thus be tested first.
What is parsimony or Ockham's razor?
200
A researcher studying child aggression observes child behavior during recess and asks the teacher to provide aggression ratings for each child.
A strong relationship between these 2 variables would demonstrate this type of validity.
What is convergent validity?
(“observed aggression” and “teacher-reported aggression” are converging ways to measure same construct of aggression)
200
In this study researchers used deception to investigate the influence of an authority figure on participants’ willingness to administer shocks to strangers.
What is the Milgram Obedience Study?
200
This is when neither the participants or the researcher knows who is in the control group.
What is a double-blind design?
200
This is they type of validity that refers to how much a measure superficially looks like it is measuring what in intends to.
What is face validity?
200
What is wrong with this reference citation?
Smith, A. Searching for the meaning of life. The Journal of Psychology, 12(134), 45-67. doi: 10.30862048246
The article year of publication is missing.
200
During data collection for the Paper 1 study, you used this kind of sampling technique.
What is convenience sampling?
200
This is the simplest form of quasi-experimental designs, and can only be used as a descriptive study.
What is a single group design?
300
This is the only category of research that involves manipulating variables.
What is experimental research?
300
A researcher makes a mistake entering data from a participants questionnaire – this is an example of ________ error.
What is random error?
300
This refers to when participants’ identities are recorded but kept secret.
What is confidentiality?
300
This is the best and easiest way to ensure that two groups are as similar as possible before a study begins.
What is random assignment to groups?
300
This is the term for a common confound that occurs due to a significant, uncontrollable event that occurs during the course of a study (e.g. hurricane Sandy, COVID-19 pandemic)
What is a history effect or history confound?
300
What is wrong with this running head?
The title should be in all caps. Also, “Running head” is not needed (new rule for APA manual 7th edition)
300
This type of response scale ask participants to rate their agreement with a statement on a spectrum (e.g. on a scale from 1 to 5).
What is a likert scale?
300
This is a statistical test frequently used in quasi-experimental designs, because they usually involve two pre-existing groups.
What is an independent-samples t-test?
400
This problem with inferring causality from correlations refers to the possibility that some other variable explains the association.
What is the third variable problem, common-causal variable problem, or confounding variable problem (all these mean the same thing!)
400
This is the statistical term for a ‘false positive’.
What is a Type I Error?
400
This aspect of the Belmont Report refers to how every person that wants to participate has an equal chance to do so.
What is justice?
400
This statistical test is used to compare three means in a between-subject design.
What is an ANOVA?
400
“There is no difference between the experimental and control groups” is an example of this type of hypothesis.
What is a null hypothesis?
400
What is wrong with this in-text citation?
(Smith, J., 2015)
No first initials should be used in in-text citations.
400
“Have you stopped abusing drugs?” is an example of this type of question that should be avoided when creating surveys.
What is a loaded question?
400
This is the kind of quasi-experimental design that is the most vulnerable to the confounds of maturation and retesting.
What is a time-series design (a kind of longitudinal design)?
500
Researchers hypothesized that concentration would be influenced by sleep deprivation. Name the IV and DV.
IV = sleep deprivation (number of hours of sleep)
DV = concentration
500
A student takes a standardized academic aptitude test three times over the course of a year. The student’s scores were 75%, 89%, and 48%. Based on these scores, this measure is low in ________. Be specific!
What is reliability (specifically test-retest, or successive reliability)?
500
In this study, proper disease treatment was unethically withheld from participants in the interest of completing descriptive research.
What is the Tuskagee Syphilis Study?
500
These are the three things needed in a design to assess causality.
What are:
1.Manipulation of the independent variable,
2.Initial equivalency, and
3.No alternative explanations?
500
A participant’s level of attraction is measured by their pupil dilatation when they look at pictures of strangers’ faces. Name the construct and operational definition in this design.
Construct = attraction
Operation Definition = pupil dilation when looking at faces
500
What is wrong with this reporting of statistics?
Greater self-esteem was associated with decreased depression (r = .25, p = .04).
Statistical coefficients should be italicized
(r = .25, p = .04)
500
This type of probability sampling is the best theoretically but the hardest to apply practically.
What is simple random sampling?
500
These are the two major advantages of a time-series design.
What are:
-You have greater confidence that changes in the DV are due to the event, not random fluctuations
-It allows you to see how long the effect lasts