Chapter 6
When the occurrence of a behaviour is followed by an immediate consequence that makes it less likely to occur in the future.
What is Punishment?
A stimulus that precedes the occurrence of the behaviour.
What is an antecedent stimulus?
When a neutral stimulus (NS) becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) when paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US).
The CS causes a conditioned response (CR) that is similar to the unconditioned response (CR) from the US.
What is Respondent Conditioning?
Behaviours that are increasingly more similar to the target behaviour.
What are Successive Approximations?
The gradual elimination of a prompt as the behaviour occurs in the presence of the SD.
What is Fading?
Immediacy, contingency, motivating operations, individual differences, and magnitude.
What are the Factors that influence the Effectiveness of Punishment?
Through stimulus discrimination training, the behaviour is reinforced in the presence of one stimulus(SD) but is not reinforcer when other stimulus are present(S delta).
How does Stimulus Control Develop?
When the behaviour is reinforced in the presence of the SD which makes the behaviour more likely to occur when the SD is present.
What is Operant Conditioning?
Successive approximations of a behaviour are reinforced until the person engages in the target behaviour. Used to develop a behaviour that the person does not currently exhibit.
What is Shaping?
Is either the behaviour of another person delivered after SD is presented, or a change in the SD, or the addition of a stimulus to the SD.
What is a Prompt?
Emotional reactions, escape and avoidance behaviours, using punishment as negative reinforcement, modeling the use of punishment, and ethical concerns.
What are the Problems associated with Punishment?
When stimulus control is among a class of stimuli that share a particular feature.
What is Generalization?
When the CS is presented numerous times in the absence of the US and the CS no longer causes the CR as a result.
What is Respondent Extinction?
1. Define the target behaviour. 2. Determine most appropriate procedure. 3. Identify starting behaviour. 4. Choose the successive approximations. 5. Choose the reinforcer. 6. Reinforce each step. 7. Move at a proper pace.
What are the Steps to Shaping?
Verbal prompts, gestural prompts, physical prompts, and modeling.
What are the types of Response Prompts?
One involves presenting an aversive stimulus after a behaviour. The other removes a reinforcing stimulus after a behaviour. Both make the behaviour less likely to occur.
What is the difference between Positive and Negative Punishment?
(SD->R->SR)
What is Three-Term Contingency?
What are Conditioned Emotional Responses?
Successive approximations to the target behaviour are reinforced and pervious approximations are put on extinction.
How are Reinforcement and Extinction involved in Shaping?
One involves evoking the behaviour through the behaviour of another person. The other involves changing some aspect of the SD or another stimulus.
What is the difference between Response Prompts and Stimulus Prompts?
One is naturally occurring and aversive. The other is also aversive but only because it was paired with an already aversive stimulus.
What is the difference between an Unconditioned and Conditioned Punisher?
When a number is stimuli representing the same thing have stimulus control over the same behaviours. Can be developed through match to sample training.
What is Stimulus Equivalence?
The intensity of the US or NS, the temporal relationship between the NS and US, the contingency between the NS and US, the number of pairings, and the persons previous exposure to the NS.
What are the Factors that influence Respondent Conditioning?
If a problem behaviour is extinguished, an extinction burst can happen which causes the behaviour to worsen and that worsened behaviour might be accidentally reinforced.
How can Shaping lead to Problem Behaviours?
The elimination of a prompt to get the behaviour under the stimulus control of the SD. Involves fading and prompt delay.
What is Transfer of Stimulus Control?