Chapter 1
Pavlov, Thorndike, Watson, and B.F. Skinner.
Who are the four historical roots of Behaviour Modification?
The behavioural excess or deficit that is targeted for change.
What is a target behaviour?
Y-axis, x-axis, labels for the x-axis and y-axis, units for the axes, data points, phase lines, and phase labels.
What are the Six Essential Features of a behaviour modification graph?
The occurrence of a behaviour is followed by an immediate consequence that results in the strengthening of that behaviour or an increase in probability of that behaviour occurring again.
What is Reinforcement?
When a previously reinforced behaviour is no longer reinforced and the behaviour decreases and stops occurring as a result.
What is Extinction?
business, industry, human services, self-management, prevention, sports performance,
health, and gerontology.
What are the areas that Behaviour Modification is applied to?
The observer observes the client continuously and records each occurrence of the behaviour.
What is continuous recording?
The frequency, duration, intensity, and latency of the behaviour. Could potentially also be the percentage of intervals in which the behaviour occurred.
What Dimensions of Behaviour can you record on a Graph?
One results in natural reinforcement as it has survival or biological importance. The other is originally neutral but is established as a reinforcer when paired with another reinforcer.
What is the difference between Unconditioned and Conditioned Reinforcers?
The unreinforced behaviour temporarily increases in frequency, intensity, duration, or new behaviours are shown temporarily?
What is an Extinction Burst?
Duration, frequency, intensity, latency, quality
What are the dimensions of behaviour?
The observers presence causes the client to change their behaviour in a way that they would not naturally do.
What is reactivity?
When the treatment causes the behaviour to change.
What is a Functional Relationship?
The immediacy of the delivery of the reinforcer, the contingency of the reinforcer based on the behaviour, whether there is an establishing operation, and the magnitude of the reinforcer.
What are the Factors that Influence the Effectiveness of the Reinforcer?
One is when the reinforcer is no longer delivered after the behaviour. The other is when the aversive stimulus is no longer removed after the behaviour.
What is the difference between Extinction in Positively Reinforced behaviours versus Negatively Reinforced behaviours?
An individuals actions that are lawful and have an impact on the physical or social environment.
Can either be overt or covert.
What is Behaviour?
The percentage that two observers agree on when observing the same behaviour on the same person.
What is Interobserver Agreement?
A graph that shows if the behaviour changed after treatment. It is not a research design as it cannot determine causation.
What is an A-B Graph?
One is used when learning a new behaviour. The other is used when trying to maintain that behaviour.
The belief that ignoring a behaviour will result in the behaviour stopping.
What is a Common Misconception about Extinction?
Procedures that analyze and manipulate the environment to change behaviour.
Can target either behavioural deficits or excesses.
Derived from the research of B.F. Skinner.
What is Behaviour Modification?
One involves consecutive time periods that record if the behaviour occurred in that time period. The other has periods without observations between the intervals where you do record.
What is the difference between interval recording and time sample recording?
A-B-A-B, multiple-baseline, alternating-treatments, and changing-criterion.
What are the Research Designs used in behaviour modification?
Ratio schedules (FR schedule, VR schedule) and interval schedules (FI schedule, VI schedule).
What are the different Types of Intermittent Reinforcement Schedules?
When the behaviour was reinforced on a continuous schedule before extinction.
When is a behaviour more Rapidly Decreased during extinction?