Research Methods
To understand what people actually do rather than what they say they do, a researcher should use this method, which involves directly watching and recording actions.
What are behavioral observations?
A person only seeks out information that supports their existing beliefs, demonstrating this bias.
What is Confirmation Bias?
This aspect of a survey can influence responses because people may try to appear consistent in their answers.
What is question order in a survey?
This aspect of a study is typically higher in experiments compared to other research designs because experiments allow for greater control over variables and causality.
What is Internal Validity?
A group that receives an inactive treatment to mimic the real one.
What is a Placebo Group?
A research hypothesis is best informed by this source.
What is Previous Research?
Kexin sees multiple news stories about home burglaries and overestimates the likelihood of being robbed. This is an example of which heuristic.
What is the Availability Heuristic?
This type of graph plots points to display a possible relationship between two sets of data, often used to identify correlations.
What is a Scatterplot?
This type of reliability measures the consistency of a test over time.
What is Test-Retest Reliability?
This method assigns participants to conditions randomly, reducing selection bias.
What is Random Assignment?
This term refers to a set of statements that describe how variables are related.
What is a Theory?
A person believes they are less biased than others, illustrating this cognitive bias.
What is the Bias Blind Spot?
These challenges arise when a construct is difficult to observe, has inconsistent definitions, or cannot be directly manipulated.
What are challenges to Operationalization?
The extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure.
What is Construct Validity?
This type of research investigates cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating variables.
What is Experimental Research?
The assumption that a treatment has no effect until proven otherwise is known as this.
What is the null hypothesis?
A person believes they "knew it all along" after learning an outcome, displaying this type of bias.
What is Hindsight Bias?
If two lab instructors grade the same paper but give vastly different scores, their ratings lack this.
What is Interrater Reliability?
This type of validity is threatened when a sample is not representative of the population.
What is External Validity?
A psychologist studying the rate of depression in a community would use this type of research design.
What is Descriptive Research?
Unlike experimental research, non-experimental research lacks this key component.
What is Manipulation of Variables?
A negative effect caused by a treatment, even though it was intended to help, is known as this.
What is an Iatrogenic Effect?
The likelihood that an observed result occurred due to chance is assessed by this value.
What is the P-value?
Researchers must demonstrate that the two variables are correlated, that first variable precedes the dependent variable in time, and that no other explanations exist for the relationship.
What is a Causal Claim?
The three criteria for establishing causality in an experiment.
What are Covariance, Temporal Precedence, and Internal Validity?