1. Cognitive Biases
What is the above-average effect?
When people believe that they are above the average ( > 50%)
What are the two types of social norms?
Descriptive and injunctive norms
What is defined as the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms?
What is Conformity
A: This variable is explicitly changed in an experiment.
Q: What is an independent variable?
What is aggression?
Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm
What is the “Holier Than Thou” Effect?
In moral domains, people believe they are above-average (more charitable, more equitable, etc.)
What is pluralistic ignorance?
The state in which people in a group mistakenly think that their own individual thoughts, feelings, or behaviors are different from those of the group.
In the musical taste-making experiment, did people conform to the group views as a result of informational or normative influence?
(where people ranked songs based on how much they liked them and others saw the popular rankings)
What is Informational Influence
A: This output variable is measured to see the effect in an experiment.
Q: What is a dependent variable?
What are the two subtypes of aggression?
Hostile aggression (Motivated by anger + hostility with the intent to harm another person)
Instrumental aggression (Behavior that is intended to harm another person in the service of motives other than pure hostility)
What is the Kruger-Dunning Effect?
When people with little knowledge in a domain believe that they are more skilled than they actually are (unskilled and unaware of it)
What is breaching and why is it useful?
The purposeful breaking of social norms (usually descriptive, sometimes injunctive). Useful for identifying norms and learn how they are maintained.
In Milgram's Obdience study and subsequent replications, people obeyed authority the least when ________ occured?
What is when rebels or other people who don't follow the authority figures' instructions are there?
A: This step in the Scientific Method follows (1) developing a claim/theory, but comes before (3) testing and publishing the results, and (4) repeating.
Q: What is operationalizing the claim/theory with a testable hypothesis?
What is the General Aggression Model?
Three kinds of forces that give rise to aggression (situation, construal, cultural + evolutionary forces)
What is a self-serving bias?
Tendency to attribute success to internal factors and failure to external factors
What are the two ways norms are enforced?
Sanctioned and imitated
In the study where an experimenter wore an e-racism t-shirt and was either nice or mean to the participant, and the participants reported feeling differing levels of bias depending on what group they were in, is an example of what psychological phenomena?
Affiliative Social Tuning
A: In this type of study, an independent variable is manipulated between multiple conditions and a dependent variable is measured to find a causational effect.
Q: What is an experiment?
What is a culture of honor?
A set of beliefs, attitudes, and norms about the importance of personal reputation, causing people (particularly Midwestern) to respond to insults with more aggression
Why do people engage in self-serving biases?
To maintain a positive image of the self, maintain self-esteem, and manage how others perceive the self
In Asch's Conformity Line experiment, Asch found subjects who went along with the group for 32% of critical trials, conformed because of a distortion of action, distortion of judgment, or a distortion of ______?
What is distortion of perception (reported they saw what the majority saw. (ex, if you tell someone, someone else is attractive even if they didn't see them as attrtacive they may start seeing them as more attractive)
A: Without this, an experiment is invalid, even if the there is a statistically significant difference in the data between two different conditions.
Q: What is random assignment?
What type of aggression is related to each gender?
Men: physical aggression. Women: relational aggression