Vision
In object recognition, the data-driven type of processing driven entirely by the physical characteristics of the stimulus itself with no context/ or prior knowledge
What is bottom-up processing?
In this task, a person hears two different messages at the same time, one in each ear, and is asked to focus on and repeat (or shadow) only one of them
Type of long-term memory that involves memorization of facts or general knowledge
What is semantic memory?
This type of learning leads to deep processing even when you are not intentionally trying to memorize the information
What is incidental learning?
True or False: The earlier in life you learn a language, the easier it is to learn how to speak like a native speaker
What is False?
These are features that can be gathered from a stimulus and recombined to form an object representation
Geon
You are at a very loud party. Music is playing and everyone around you is talking, but you can still focus on your friend's voice. In the midst of all of this, you overhear someone from across the room say your name, and then your attention shifts to that conversation. What is this phenomenon called?
What is the cocktail party effect?
Declarative memory is to knowing "what", as Non-declarative memory is to knowing "__".
What is "how"?
Semantic processing is to deep processing, as __ processing is to shallow processing.
What is Physical Processing?
True or False: Language acquisition is not uniform.
What is false? Language acquisition is uniform, despite variances
The ability to recognize an object even though it is hardly ever viewed from the same perspective twice
What is object constancy?
What is True?
Set of prior knowledge and experience organized by context, which in turn influences our memories
True or False: There is a stronger benefit of re-studying over testing
What is False?
A study found that 8-month-olds can track probabilities between syllables in order to identify words in fluent speech in an artificial language. This is an example of ___ language learning.
What is Statistical Language Learning?
I recognized a printed letter A because its shape closely matches my stored mental image of what the letter A is supposed to look like. This is an example of what theory?
This theory of attention argues that unattended information is not completely filtered out, but instead its "volume is turned down", allowing personally relevant information like your own name to still break through
What is Treisman's Attenuation Theory?
Retrieval is the transfer of information from __-term memory to __-term memory.
What is long-term memory to short-term memory?
True or False: According to transfer-appropriate processing, deep semantic processing is not always the best strategy; memory is strongest when the type of processing during study matches this later process.
What is True?
In the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, the linguistic determinism version is the where ____ determined by language
What is thoughts/ behavior? (strong interpretation)
Name one of the three theories of object recognition and provide a brief description
Template matching: Object recognition happens by comparing what you see to a stored template or mental image. If the image matches a stored template, you recognize the object.
Feature Detection: Object recognition happens by identifying basic features, such as lines, edges, etc then combining them into a whole object.
Recognition by Components: object recognition happens by breaking objects into simple 3D shapes (geons) and recognizing the object based on how those parts are arranged.
Name 1 out of the 3 theories of attention we learned in class and briefly describe it.
What is...
Early-selection model (Broadbent): the unattended input receives little to no analysis
Late-selection model(Deutsch-Norman): all input receives analysis but only the attended input reaches consciousness or is remembered
Attenuation model (Treisman): all input is registered, but processing (from low-level to high-level) occurs until capacity is reached
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Is this correct? The Ebbinghaus Remembering Curve is a model that describes how freshly learned information is remembered better over time when there's no attempt to retain it
What is not correct? The Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve is a model describing how freshly learned information is lost over time when there's no attempt to retain it
Today I'm going to study for the midterm underwater. On Thursday, though, I'm think I'm going to take the exam in my house, on dry land. Am I going to do well on the exam? Why or why not?
What is not as well as I would do as I were to take the exam underwater (or study on dryland)? The extent of learning can be context-dependent, where the added context of my studying environment can contribute to my learning and retrieval during testing
Name one characteristic of language and provide a brief description.
What is:
Communicative: Communication is the purpose
Arbitrary: sounds don’t inherently have connection with meaning, but not always
Structured: within words and within sentences
Generative: “infinite” possible utterances/sentences from finite elements
Dynamic: changes over time
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