Psychological Theories and Concepts:
What psychological approach emphasizes the study of observable behaviors and the influence of the environment on behavior?
Behaviorism
Who is often referred to as the "father of psychoanalysis"?
Sigmund Freud
Amelia consistently exploits and manipulates others for personal gain, demonstrating a profound lack of empathy. She has a history of deceitful behaviors, and her interpersonal relationships are marked by instability and superficial charm. Despite repeated legal issues, Amelia feels no remorse for her actions. What severe personality disorder is likely afflicting Amelia?
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Which research method involves observing and recording behavior in its natural environment without interference or manipulation by the researcher?
C) Observational study
Which Freudian personality system is guided by the reality principle?
(A) id
(B) libido
(C) ego
(D) unconscious
(E) superego”
ego
Which psychological theory focuses on the idea that individuals actively process information from their environment, using mental processes like perception, memory, and problem-solving?
Cognitive Psychology
Which psychologist introduced the concept of the "hierarchy of needs" in motivation theory?
Abraham Maslow
David frequently experiences distressing thoughts about potential harm coming to his family. These thoughts lead him to engage in elaborate mental rituals and repetitive behaviors to prevent any perceived danger. Despite recognizing the irrationality of his fears, David struggles to control these intrusive thoughts. What mental disorder is consistent with David's symptoms?
What is the primary purpose of a double-blind experimental design in psychological research?
To prevent experimenter bias
In contrast to the blank slate view of human nature held by the behaviorists, humanists believe that humans are born
(A) evil and instinctively selfish
(B) good and with an inner drive to reach full potential
(C) neutral and that personality is based on perceptions of reality
(D) neither good nor evil, but personality is a product of their environment
good and with an inner drive to reach full potential
In cognitive psychology, what term is used to describe the mental processes involved in acquiring, storing, and using information?
Cognition
Who developed the theory of archetypes and the concept of the collective unconscious in analytical psychology?
B) Carl Jung
For the past several years, Emily has been avoiding not only public spaces but also situations where she fears scrutiny, even within the safety of her home. Her anxiety is so pervasive that even the thought of interacting with others induces panic. This avoidance significantly impairs her daily life. What complex anxiety disorder is Emily likely grappling with?
Agoraphobia
In survey research, what is a potential limitation associated with using a convenience sample?
Generalizability issues
Which of the following is a good example of a Jungian archetype?
(A) John, whose domineering mother’s voice is always in the back of his head
(B) Patty, who is haunted by her memories of child abuse
(C) Yan, who always roots for the underdog
(D) Tariq, who consciously strives to be the best tennis player he can be
Yan, who always roots for the underdog
What concept, associated with behaviorism, refers to the process of learning through the association of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response?
Classical Conditioning
Which psychologist is best known for his research on operant conditioning, using reinforcement and punishment to shape behavior?
B.F. Skinner
Oliver, despite a charming exterior, consistently exploits others for personal gain. He effortlessly deceives and manipulates, demonstrating a lack of remorse for his actions. However, he is highly skilled at maintaining a superficial charm and adapting his persona to various situations. What subclinical psychopathy trait is most indicative of Oliver's behavior?
Superficial charm
What ethical principle emphasizes the importance of providing participants with enough information to make an informed decision before agreeing to participate in a study?
Informed consent
Adam loved the girlfriend who dropped him, but acts as if he’s glad to be rid of her. His behavior most clearly illustrates which of the following Freudian defense mechanisms?
(A) repression
(B) projection
(C) reaction formation
(D) sublimation
(E) regression
reaction formation
According to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, what is the term for the process by which existing mental structures are adjusted to fit new experiences?
Accommodation
Who is known for the development of the concept of social learning theory, emphasizing the role of observational learning and modeling in behavior?
Albert Bandura
Sarah is consistently bringing her child to different medical specialists, describing various severe symptoms that the child does not seem to exhibit during the medical appointments. Despite numerous investigations, no medical cause is found for the reported symptoms. What specific disorder, involving the fabrication or exaggeration of physical or psychological symptoms in another person, may be evident in Sarah's behavior?
Munchausen by proxy
What statistical measure is used to indicate the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables in mutual relation research?
C) Pearson correlation coefficient
According to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which part of the mind operates on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification of desires?
ID