Biases & Heuristics
The tendency to only look for information that supports your beliefs is called what?
What is confirmation bias?
These brain cells transmit information using electrical and chemical signals.
What are neurons?
Pavlov’s dogs taught us about this type of learning.
What is classical conditioning?
Persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest are symptoms of what disorder?
What is depression (major depressive disorder)?
This type of memory holds information briefly, like a phone number you just looked up.
What is working memory?
The tendency to overestimate how much we knew an outcome after it happened is called what?
What is hindsight bias?
This part of the brain is linked with fear and emotion.
What is the amygdala?
He studied stages of cognitive development in children.
(Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete, Formal)
Who is Jean Piaget?
Re-experiencing trauma through flashbacks or nightmares is a symptom of what disorder?
What is PTSD?
The idea that attitudes can change when people experience discomfort from holding conflicting beliefs is called what?
What is cognitive dissonance?
The tendency to overestimate how much others notice or care about our appearance and behavior is called what?
What is the spotlight effect?
The brain’s ability to change and reorganize itself after injury or learning is called what?
What is neuroplasticity?
Erik Erikson said people face different challenges across life; the teenage stage is about forming what?
What is identity?
(Identity vs Role Confusion)
In schizophrenia, hallucinations and delusions are examples of these types of symptoms.
What are positive symptoms?
The tendency to explain others’ actions by blaming personality instead of the situation is what bias?
What is the fundamental attribution error?
The tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information we receive when making decisions is called what?
What is anchoring bias?
Broca’s area helps produce speech, while this area helps you understand language.
What is Wernicke’s area?
In classical conditioning, when a conditioned response fades after the stimulus is no longer paired, it’s called what?
What is extinction?
This type of therapy, developed by Aaron Beck, focuses on changing unhelpful thought patterns.
What is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)?
When your expectations about someone cause them to behave in ways that confirm those expectations, it’s called what?
(similar to labeling theory)
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?
When people continue to invest in something just because they’ve already put time or money into it, it’s called what?
What is the sunk cost fallacy?
The “all-or-none principle” describes how these fire in the nervous system.
What are action potentials (neurons firing)?
When new information interferes with recalling old information, it’s called what?
What is retroactive interference?
In OCD, unwanted thoughts or images are called this, while repetitive behaviors like handwashing are called this.
(order matters)
What are obsessions and compulsions?
When you’re more likely to agree to a large request after first agreeing to a small one, that’s what technique?
What is the foot-in-the-door technique?