Abnormality+ DSM
A college student feels nervous before an exam, has trouble sleeping the night before, and worries about failing. Another student has the same type of worry but cannot sleep most nights, stops attending class, and can no longer complete assignments.
What major idea about psychological disorders does this comparison demonstrate?
Psychological disorders exist on a continuum.
The same general experience can range from normal to clinically significant depending on severity, distress, dysfunction, and other factors.
What supernatural treatment involved attempting to drive evil spirits out of a person?
exorcism
Biochemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons.
neurotransmitters
The psychological approach emphasizes unconscious conflicts and experiences from early life?
Psychodynamic
When we are referring to psychological assessments a test is valid when it is consistent in measuring what its supposed to and a test is reliable when it is accurate in measuring what it's supposed to
True or false
False Reliability = consistency. Validity = accuracy.
A person spends three hours every night arranging their books in a very specific order. They genuinely enjoy doing it, but they repeatedly miss work because of the ritual.
Which of the 4 Ds is most clearly demonstrated?
Dysfunction. The behavior interferes with the person's ability to work/function normally.
What ancient treatment involved drilling a hole into the skull because people believed spirits needed a way to escape?
Trephination
What are the two processes that can reduce the amount of neurotransmitter available in the synapse?
reuptake and degradation
Which approach assumes people have an innate capacity for growth and focuses on self-acceptance and reaching one's potential?
Humanistic
A clinician follows the exact same questions, instructions, scoring procedures, and criteria with every client. What type of interview is this?
structured clinical interview
A clinician is evaluating someone who reports hearing voices. Before deciding that this is evidence of psychopathology, the clinician learns that the person participates in a cultural and religious practice in which communicating with deceased relatives is considered normal.
What concept should the clinician consider before labeling the behavior abnormal?
Cultural relativism
Hippocrates believed abnormal behavior resulted from an imbalance among what four bodily substances?
Blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile
A person has a genetic vulnerability for depression, but never develops depression unless exposed to severe chronic stress. This is explained by....
diathesis stress model
A therapist asks a client to identify automatic negative thoughts and challenge whether those thoughts are accurate. What approach is being used?
Cognitive Behavioral
A psychologist assumes that a behavior must be abnormal because it violates the psychologist's own cultural expectations. This is an example of ..
ethnocentrism
A researcher argues that instead of asking whether someone has or does not have a disorder, clinicians should describe where that person falls on several dimensions, such as anxiety, depression, and externalizing behavior.
However, the researcher struggles to translate these dimensional scores into clear treatment decisions.
What model is being described,
HiTOP
What treatment philosophy emphasized dignity, clean environments, good food, comfortable sleeping conditions, freedom of movement, and humane treatment?
moral treatment
When multiple genes contribute to vulnerability for the disorder rather than one single gene causing it.
polygenetic
A client repeatedly describes themselves as a failure. The therapist helps them identify this broad negative assumption and develop a more accurate belief. Is this addressing an automatic thought or a core belief?
core belief
A professor hears that a student has a psychiatric diagnosis and immediately thinks, “People with this diagnosis are dangerous.” The professor then becomes uncomfortable around the student.
Which two stages of Corrigan's stigma model are represented?
Stereotype and Prejudice
A clinician evaluates a client whose symptoms seem to fit two different DSM diagnoses. However, the client does not neatly fit either diagnosis because some symptoms are present only occasionally. The clinician also notices that the symptoms overlap with another diagnosis.
What major limitation of the DSM's categorical approach is illustrated here?
Comorbidity , not accounting for symptoms waxing/waning-
A psychiatric hospital closes and its patients are moved into the community. Supporters argue that people should have more freedom and dignity rather than being isolated in institutions.
However, the community does not have enough treatment centers, housing, or other resources. Some former patients end up homeless, in group homes, dependent on family, or involved with the criminal justice system.
What historical movement is this, and what major problem does the scenario reveal?
Deinstitutionalization ; lack of community resources
Identical twins share very similar genes, but one develops a psychological disorder after experiencing significant childhood stress while the other does not. What concept helps explain this?
epigenetic (gene-environment interactions)
A therapist notices that a client repeatedly becomes angry with them whenever they feel criticized, even though the therapist has not actually criticized them. The therapist explores how this reaction may reflect patterns from the client's past relationships.Which concept is illustrated here.
Transference
A person has internalized the belief that people with mental illness are weak and irresponsible. Even though nobody explicitly discriminates against them, they begin thinking, “I'm weak because I have this disorder,” stop applying for jobs, and avoid telling others about their symptoms.
What type of stigma is this, and why can it be harmful even without obvious public discrimination?
Self stigma- internalized negative stereotypes can lower self esteem and can discourage them from seeking treatment