Health
What are risk factors for child maltreatment?
Child characteristics, parent characteristics, community factors, societal factors
What does the three mountain task refer to?
The characteristic of preoperational reasoning that is egocentrism. It demonstrates a child's inability to take another person’s perspective.
What are the three mental stores in the information processing system?
The sensory register, the working memory, and long-term memory
What are some strategies that infants use to successfully regulate their emotions?
Turning their bodies away from distressing stimuli, smiling at stimuli, using irritating noises as distress signals, sucking on their hands or objects, gaze aversion.
At what age do positive emotions tend to stabilize and why?
Around 70-80. Due to loss of independence, body depletion, loss of cognitive ability, loss of senses. Aging results in the stabilization of positive emotions.
What are the common health risks in adolescence and emerging adulthood?
Eating Disorders, Alcohol abuse, Substance abuse
At what age do children experience concrete operational reasoning and what do they gain from it?
Ages 6-11; they gain the capacity to use logic to solve problems and a more complex understanding of the physical world
Why is there a reduction in information processing speed in adulthood?
The loss of white matter and the formation of new (less efficient) neural connections
How do parents help their children learn to manage their emotions?
Verbal instruction (which can be more difficult as the infant does not fully understand language at this point), TOUCH, selective reinforcement (responding positively to good behaviors), modeling and teaching good behaviors, controlling their environment.
What are amyloid plaques made out of?
Clumps of beta-amyloid and clumps of dead neurons and glial cells.
How does exercise help prevent osteoporosis during adulthood?
Osteoporosis is characterized by severe bone loss. Exercise helps strengthen bones so that they do not become brittle and prone to fracture.
What is hypothetical-deductive reasoning?
It is the ability to consider problems, generate and systematically test hypotheses, and draw conclusions.
What is the term for the definition: the memory of meaningful events that took place at a specific time and place in one’s past?
Autobiographical Memory
How does the influence of the theory of mind help children emotionally develop?
When children learn to take other individuals’ perspectives, they are able to build better friendships and learn others’ emotions. They can also apply their understanding of emotions to help others with problems.
What age group do you see the largest amount of child maltreatment? Why?
0-3 years old. This could be due to this challenging and frustrating age group or because at this age, these children can not escape or verbalize for help.
Name the different forms of common dementias
Alzheimer’s disease, Vascular dementia, Parkinson’s disease, and Reversible dementia
What is the core knowledge perspective?
Infants are born with several innate knowledge systems or core domains of thought that enable early rapid learning and adaptation
What is Infantile Amnesia?
The lack of memories prior age 3
Why does Bowlby believe attachment is an adaptive behavior?
Attachment is an adaptive behavior because it is directly contributed to survival. This bond will ensure that the caregiver and infant will remain close together, resulting in the care and aiding of the infant.
What is animism?
The belief that inanimate objects are alive and have feelings and intentions.
What is the difference between the causes and progression of Vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease?
Vascular dementia is caused by strokes, or blockages of blood vessels in the brain and tends to show sudden, but often mild, losses with each stroke. Alzheimer’s disease is caused by inflammation that causes beta-amyloid to accumulate and form amyloid plaques. Alzheimer’s disease progresses in slow and steady decrements in mental abilities.
How many substages are there in the sensorimotor stage? from age to what age does this occur?
There are six substages: reflexes, primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, coordination of secondary circular reactions, tertiary circular reactions, and mental representation. It occurs from birth to about two years.
What is the difference between recall and recognition memory?
Recall memory is the ability to generate a memory of a stimulus encountered before without seeing it again. Recognition memory is the ability to recognize a stimulus one has encountered before.
What are the signaling behaviors and some examples?
Behaviors aimed at bringing caregivers into contact with infants. Ex: crying, smiling, clinging, cooing.
What is the difference between recognition and recall memory? Which comes more easily for children?
Recognition (comes more easily): the ability to recognize a stimulus one has encountered. Recall: ability to generate a memory of a stimulus encountered before without seeing it again.