Chapter 1
What is psychology?
What is the science of behavior and mental processes?
What is the difference between the peripheral and autonomic nervous system?
What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a major division of the nervous system that relays information between the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the rest of the body, while the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a part of the PNS that specifically controls involuntary functions like heartbeat and digestion. The PNS includes nerves that control both voluntary (somatic nervous system) and involuntary (autonomic nervous system) actions.
Who is Christine Ladd-Franklin?
Who is the pioneer of the theory of color vision based on evolution and for her significant contributions to symbolic logic, mathematics, and psychology?
What is the term refers to your awareness of yourself and your environment, and it includes both awareness of external events and internal sensations, thoughts, and feelings?
What is consciousness?
This is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.
What is learning?
What is the empirical method?
What is gaining knowledge through the observations of events, the collection of data and logical reasoning?
What are three parts of a neuron? What is a neuron?
What are dendrites, cell body, axon, myelin sheath, or synapse? What are specialized cells that form the foundation of the nervous system?
What is Bottom-up processing starts with raw, incoming sensory information, analyzing small details to build a complete perception, while top-down processing begins with existing knowledge, expectations, and goals, using them to interpret sensory input and make sense of the overall situation. These two systems work together; bottom-up is data-driven and sensation-focused, whereas top-down is cognition-driven and perception-focused.
What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?
What is a tiny structure in the brain, located in the hypothalamus, helps regulate circadian rhythms by responding to light and dark cues?
In this psychologist’s classical conditioning experiment, dogs learned to salivate at the sound of a bell after it was repeatedly paired with food.
Who is Ivan Pavlov?
Who is Wilhelm Wundt?
Who is the the father of psychology who established the first lab?
What is the all or nothing principle?
What is the principle that states a neuron or muscle fiber will either respond completely to a stimulus or not at all, regardless of the stimulus's strength, provided it meets a certain threshold?
What is a framework for understanding how people or systems decide if a stimulus is present or absent amidst noise or distraction?
What is Signal Detection Theory?
During this stage of sleep, your brain is highly active, dreams occur, and your body experiences temporary paralysis.
What is REM (rapid eye movement) sleep?
What type of learning occurs by watching and imitating others, such as a child learning to tie their shoes by observing a parent?
What is observational learning?
What is a placebo? What is it called when where a person experiences improvement in their condition after receiving an inert treatment?
What is an inactive substance or treatment used in clinical trials? What is placebo effect?
What are neurotransmitters? Name one and it's function.
What is a chemical messenger released by a neuron to transmit a signal to another neuron, muscle cell, or gland?
What is the difference between rods and cones?
What is Rods provide vision in low light conditions, are concentrated in the retina's periphery, and detect general shapes and movement but not color. Cones are responsible for color vision and fine detail, require bright light to function, and are densely packed in the central retina.
What are psychoactive drugs?
What are substances that alter consciousness, perception, and mood, and are grouped into three main categories: depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens?
What are positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement?
What is the concept in operant conditioning increases behavior by adding something pleasant, while its opposite increases behavior by removing something unpleasant?
What is the definition of structuralism and functionalism? How are they differrent?
What is the approach to a historical school of psychology that emerged in the late 19th century that aimed to understand the structure of the mind by analyzing its basic elements and how they interact and mental processes that emphasizes the functions and purposes?
What is the function of the somatosensory cortex and motor cortex?
What is processes tactile information like touch, temperature, and pain, while the motor cortex controls voluntary movements by sending signals to muscles?
What is opponent process theory?
What is color theory states that vision operates on three opponent channels: red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white, where perception of one color inhibits its opposite?
This neuroscientist and psychologist is known for challenging traditional views on drug addiction and advocating for science-based drug policies.
Who is Dr. Carl L. Hart?
Who is Dr. Martha E. Bernal?
Who was the first Latina to earn a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States and was known for her research on ethnic identity and behavior therapy?