Learning
What is classic conditioning and who coined the term?
A learning method that Ivan Pavlov coined; happens when two stimuli are paired repeatedly and elicit a response from the second stimulus. Eventually, the first stimulus elicits a response alone.
Bell(CS) + Food(UCS) --> Salivate(UCR) Bell(CR) --> Salivate(CR)
Explain the difference between logical/formal and natural concepts.
Logical/formal: a rule in which the features of an object determine how it will be included within the concept.
Natural: Categorising everyday objects that have no precise specifications but have a clear prototype of the concept.
When do children develop language?
By the ages of 5/6
What are two types of ability tests.
What are the components of memory?
Encoding (automatic and effortful), storage, and retrieval.
What is operant conditioning and who coined the term?
A learning method coined by B.F. Skinner: when the behaviour is influenced by its consequences; the response is produced when one operates on their environment.
Name the three problem-solving strategies.
Trial and error, algorithm, and insight.
What are the criteria of language?
Semanticity: meaning
Generativity: using a combination of words to make an infinite amount of different sentences.
Displacement: using when/where/how words to describe places away from you.
Tyler is 8 years old and his mental age is 12. Calculate the IQ.
The IQ is 150
What are the components of the Three Stage Processing Model?
Sensory, short term memory, long term memory
What is learned helplessness and who coined the term?
When one doesn't have control over their environment and leads to a state of helplessness; they begin to develop maladaptive behaviour and "give up."
Explain mental set and functional fixedness.
Mental set: when one can only see one perspective on a situation; no alternatives.
Functional fixedness: having strong notions/perceptions about an object's function based on past experiences.
Describe the four stages of developing a language for children.
Babbling(birth to 1yo): making a variety of sounds but can easily lose this if only taught one language.
Single Words(1yo): Sporadic words with pronunciation not being as good. Dynamic nouns are involved.
Word Combinations(1-2yo)
Sentences(2-3)
Describe reliability and validity.
reliability - consistency
validity - measures what it is intended to measure
List and explain the types of memory aids.
Retrieval Cues - anything that triggers a memory; recreates the context of a memory
Mnemonics - creates meaning and its own retrieval cues
Schema - a cognitive structure in memory that is an abstract representation of an object or event in the real world (role schema, event schema/cognitive script)
Explain the Bobo Doll experiment and name who conducted it.
Albert Bandura conducted an experiment where he recorded adults being aggressive towards the Bobo Doll and showed the recording to children. When the children were in a playroom, he noticed that the kids who interacted with the Bobo Doll were very aggressive.
What's the difference between insight and algorithm?
Insight: Suddenly seeing a solution
Algorithm: a step-by-step process that exhausts multiple solutions.
A)What theory describes language being influenced by thoughts?
B)What theory explains that children must master corresponding cognitive principles in order for words or phrases to be established in their vocabulary?
B) Language is dependent on cognition.
What was Gardener’s definition of intelligence?
That there were several types of intelligence (like musical, spatial, kinestetic)
Explain the interference theories of forgetting.
proactive interference - old info interferes with the recall of new info
retroactive interference - new info interferes with the recall of old info
Draw or explain the process of positive/negative reinforcement and punishment.
Positive Reinforcement: The presence of stimulus increases the frequency of desirable behaviour.
Negative Reinforcement: The absence of stimulus increases the frequency of desirable behaviour.
Positive Punishment: The presence of stimulus decreases the frequency of undesirable behaviour.
Negative Punishment: The absence of stimulus decreases the frequency of undesirable behaviour.
Name 3 cognitive biases.
Hindsight Bias
Belief Perseverance
Availability Heuristic
Functional Fixedness
Anchoring Bias
Overconfidence Phenomenon
Confirmation Bias
Representative Heuristic
A) What theory of language is based on principles of operant and classical conditioning?
B) What theory of language states that there is a disposition to being able to learn language rapidly at a younger age?
A) Language is acquired through imitation
B) Language is innate.
Explain self-fulfilling prophecy and stereotype threat.
Self-fulfilling prophecy is when someone has expectations of someone else and thus treat that person in a way that causes them to fulfill those expectations.
Stereotype threat happens when there is an opportunity to confirm a negative stereotype and can interfere with performance in a way that supports the claim.
List parts of the brain that pertain to memory and explain how they function.
hippocampus - helps us to store memories but its not the actual location of stored memories
cerebellum - helps us remember skills and conditioned associations
amygdala - fear memories
synaptic changes - experience modifies our neural connections