Types of Conditioning
The scientist who discovered Classical Conditioning
What is Ivan Pavlov?
The two types of stress are
What are acute and chronic?
Biases we have that we are not in control of.
What are unconscious biases?
Three clusters of personality disorders
What are eccentric, dramatic, and anxious?
Neurons communicate through synapses, repetition, strong connections, and the reactivation of neural circuits.
What is how learning occurs in the brain?
A stimulus that naturally causes a specific response (something that you are born with - ex: hunger). Another word for this could be a reflex.
What is an unconditional stimulus?
A key element in the HPA axis
What is Cortisol - it helps us fight stressors?
Desire, Acceptance, Commitment, Introspection, Exposure
What are Mary-Frances Winter's five steps on overcoming individual biases?
A unique and long-term pattern of inner experience and outward behavior
What is personality?
This part of the brain is responsible for procedural memory and motor learning.
What is the cerebellum?
A form of learning where a response usually elicited by a stimulus begins being elicited by a once neutral stimulus
What is classical conditioning?
What is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?
Major pieces in the development of our unconscious bias.
A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the over excited state of mania.
What is bipolar disorder?
This part of the brain is responsible for transferring short-term memories into long-term memories; it also breaks down emotional information into memories.
What is the amygdala?
Type of learning in which behaviors are emitted to receive rewards or avoid punishments. They require the organism to operate on the environment.
What is operant conditioning?
Our body's delayed response to stress, involving hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal cortex; it works together to increase our arousal and energy levels when stressed?
What is HPA axis?
This is a technique used in marketing and other media to influence People without their awareness. This may involve the use of split second flashes of text, hidden images, or subtle cues that affect the audience at a level below conscious awareness (think of the rats ad we watched in class).
What is subliminal messaging?
A type of therapy that identifies unhealthy, negative beliefs and behaviors and replaces them with healthy, positive ones.
What is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)?
This part of the brain is involved in problem-solving, motor skills, learning memory, implicit memory, and unconscious memory.
What is the basal ganglia?
Explain the differences between operant and classical conditioning. What are the aspects of each?
Classical conditioning is a form of learninng where a response is usually elicited by a stimulus begins being elicited by a once neutral stimulus. The parts of classical conditioning are the unconditional stimulus (aka reflex), unconditioned response (response to a reflex), conditioned stimulus (originally neutral but then paired with unconditional response, gives desired response), and conditional response (response produced when conditioned stimulus is presented after conditioning). For operant conditioning, it is a type of learning in which behaviors are emitted to receive rewards or avoid punishment. The aspects are reinforcers (a stimulus that follows a behavior and increases the likelihood that the behavior is repeated) and punishers (stimulus that follows a behavior and decreases likelihood that it will be repeated).
Describe the differences between eustress and distress.
Distress is extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain. It often results in a bodily reaction, such as shaking of hands, nausea, or trembling. Eustress is a moderate or normal psychological stress interpreted as being beneficial for the experience (adrenaline). An example of distress would be death of a spouse, abuse, unemployment, etc. An example of eustress would be a new job, marriage, having a child, buying a new house, etc.
Describe the three levels of consciousness.
The three levels of consciousness could be described as an iceberg. Conscious is the top layer of iceberg and can be easily accessed in present time. It can be understood as the present and recent past experiences (thoughts and ideas). The preconscious is slightly under the water, and it can be accessed through recollection. For example, remembering what you did over the weekend isn't always in the immediate conscious. You will have to recall the info from the preconscious storage. Lastly, the unconscious is the layer that is deep underwater. It cannot be accessed by our brains or researched It holds any motives or deep thoughts which are believed to drive our decision making in our everyday lives.
Describe the clusters of each personality disorder. List out the disorders within these clusters. Pick one disorder out of each cluster and describe it with specific traits.
There are three clusters of personality disorders: Odd/Eccentric, Dramatic, and Anxious. Odd/eccentric includes symptoms similar to schizophrenia, with extreme suspiciousness, social withdrawal, and peculiar thinking. One example from this cluster would be schizotypal disorder. People with this disorder are often odd with bizarre thoughts and behavior. They are unconventional in their beliefs. They are extremely uncomfortable with close relationships and want to be isolated. The dramatic cluster is extremely dramatic, emotional, and unpredictive. This cluster often has difficulty to sustain healthy relationships. One example from this cluster would be antisocial, which would include your psychopaths and sociopaths, such as Ted Bundy. The people diagnosed with this disorder persistently disregard and violate other people's rights. They are reckless, impulsive, sadistic, aggressive, and violent. The last cluster is anxious, and those within these cluster display anxious and fearful behavior. OCD (obsessive compulsive disorder) would fit into this cluster. People with this disorder are so preoccupied with order, perfection, and control that they may lose all sense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency. Obsessions are the thoughts, compulsions are the behaviors. The people with this disorder set unreasonably high expectations for themselves and don't think that they have any problems.
Describe the difference between short-term memory and long-term memory. Give specific examples.
Short-term memory is the succession of events in life. Information quickly disappears unless effort to retain it. Storage capacity of seven items lasts only a few dozen seconds. Long-term memory, on the other hand stores significant events retains meanings of words and the physical skills capacity seems unlimited. it can last days, months, years, or even a lifetime. Over time, however, it distorts facts and is less reliable with age.