Psychology
Who is considered the “father of psychology” for founding the first psychological laboratory in 1879?
Wilhelm Wundt
Give an example of a research hypothesis and one alternative hypothesis.
:D Nice
What is the main difference between an experiment and a case study?
Experiments involve the manipulation of variables to test cause-and-effect relationships, while case studies are in-depth investigations of naturally occurring phenomena without any researcher-controlled manipulation of variables.
Name two defense mechanisms described by Freud.
Denial, repression, regression, reactive action, sublimation, rationalization, internalization, displacement, etc.
Who developed client-centered therapy?
Carl Rogers.
What was the main focus of structuralism, and who led this school of thought?
To study aspects of human culture such as language, thought, emotion, experiences, etc., and how they are part larger, structured systems.
Wilhelm Wundt.
Name two key characteristics of the scientific method in psychology.
Empiricism, objectivity, systematic approach, replicability, falsifiability, and precision.
Define independent variable and dependent variable.
An independent variable is the "cause" that is manipulated or changed by the researcher in an experiment to observe its effect on the dependent variable. A dependent variable is the "effect" or outcome that is measured; its value is hypothesized to depend on or change in response to the independent variable
What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement adds a desirable stimulus (like praise or a reward), while negative reinforcement removes an undesirable or aversive stimulus (like an annoying sound or an unpleasant task
What does the systemic approach focus on when analyzing individuals?
Social interactions, community factors, context, etc.
How did functionalism differ from structuralism in its goals?
Structuralism aimed to analyze consciousness by breaking it into its basic elements, like sensations and feelings, to understand its structure.
In contrast, functionalism focused on understanding the purpose and utility of mental processes, asking what the mind does rather than what it is.
What does it mean that psychology uses both quantitative and qualitative data?
This dual approach allows researchers to gain a comprehensive understanding of human thought and behavior, as quantitative data provides objectivity and generalizability while qualitative data offers rich, in-depth context and meaning.
What is the purpose of using a control group?
A control group serves as a baseline or comparison to a treatment group in an experiment, establishing that any observed effect is due to the independent variable (the intervention) and not to other factors.
What is one major criticism of psychoanalysis as a school of thought?
Subjectivity, biased perspective, few scientific bases, etc.
How does humanism differ from psychoanalysis in its view of human nature?
Free will, the importance of childhood and preexisting circumstances, the obligation to analyze vs the choice to improve.
Which famous psychological experiment start the behaviorist movement?
Ivan Pavlov´s classical conditioning with Dogs.
Why is replication important in psychological research?
If a phenomenon is observed to be true, it should appear every time it is induced.
Name one strength and one limitation of laboratory experiments.
Yeah.
What method did Freud use to access unconscious thoughts? how does it work?
Hypnosis attempts to induce a sensory trance state, where the conscious barriers of the mind are lowered and subconscious information is more accesible.
What is one limitation of the systemic approach in psychology?
Often deals with subjective, social factors. Lacks expertise on the intrapersonal and individual levels.
What humanistic psychologist is known for the hierarchy of needs?
Abraham Maslow
Give one argument against psychology being considered a science.
--> Subjective experiences, cultural aspects, meaning, philosophical stances, spiritual dimension, etc.
What ethical guideline ensures participants can leave a study at any time?
Autonomy
Why is behaviorism criticized for being reductionist?
Some critizism relates to the superficial focus of behaviorism, as well as their therapeutic methods where interventions were classically reductionist, too squared and logical.
Describe the difference between Maslow´s and Victor Frankl´s definition of Self-actualization
Maslow sets it as a seemingly unachieveable convergence of factors where every need is covered. While Frankl proposes that it is a self-defined state where you find balance and a configuration where tings are good enough and in harmony with your life´s purpose.