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Scientific Approach
systematic empirical observations to test intuition
Applied Research
Aims to solve practical problems in the real world
Association Claim
Describes the relationship between two variables
Comparison Groups
A comparison group is necessary to determine the effect of an intervention or treatment
Availability Heuristic
Making judgments based on readily available
information, such as recent news stories
Empiricism
collecting data and using it to develop, support, or challenge a theory
Translational Research
Bridges basic research and applied
applications (e.g., using findings from basic research to develop educational tools).
Causal Claim
Asserts that one variable causes changes in another
Construct Validity
The extent to which a test or measurement
accurately represents the construct it is intended to measure. It examines whether the operational definitions of variables effectively capture the theoretical concepts they are supposed to assess
Confirmation Bias
Seeking information that confirms pre-existing
beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence
Falsifiability and Testability
A claim can be tested and potentially disproven.
Covariance
A relationship must exist.
External Validity
The degree to which the findings of a study can be
generalized to other populations, settings, times, or contexts beyond the study sample. It assesses the applicability of the study's results to
broader contexts.
Present/Present Bias
Focusing only on instances the phenomena
occurs and ignoring the cases that it doesn’t.
Theory-Data Cycle
Researchers develop a theory, design a
study to test it, collect data, and use the findings to revise the theory.
Temporal Precedence
The cause must come before the effect
Internal Validity
causal relationship between the independent variable (IV) and the dependent variable (DV)
Bias Blind Spot
Recognizing biases in others while failing to see
them in oneself.
Frequency Claim
Describes the rate or degree of a single variable
Internal Validity
Alternative explanations must be ruled out
Statistical Validity
ensuring that the study has sufficient power, that the correct Statistical tests are used, and that Type I and Type II errors are minimized.
Good Story Bias
Believing the narrative of a conclusion instead of
looking for the data and facts