Personality Theories
In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which defense mechanism involves attributing one's unacceptable thoughts to others?
a. Displacement
b. Sublimation
c. Projection
d. Regression
C. Projection
Which type of intelligence test is designed to measure an individual's potential for future learning or performance in a specific area?
a. Achievement test
b. Aptitude test
c. IQ test
d. Personality inventory
B. Aptitude Tests
Which type of stress typically has a negative impact on health and well-being?
a. Eustress
b. Acute stress
c. Chronic stress
d. Challenge stress
C. Chronic Stress
Which defense mechanism involves returning to an earlier stage of development when faced with stress?
a. Regression
b. Repression
c. Reaction formation
d. Rationalization
A. Regression
What is the term for a learned response that occurs when a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus?
a. Operant conditioning
b. Extinction
c. Conditioned response
d. Unconditioned response
C. Conditioned Response
Which personality theory emphasizes the role of conscious thoughts and information processing in shaping behavior?
a. Psychodynamic theory
b. Behavioral theory
c. Cognitive theory
d. Humanistic theory
C. Cognitive Theory
What is the term for a problem-solving strategy that involves working backward from the goal?
a. Algorithm
b. Heuristic
c. Means-end analysis
d. Trial and error
C. Means-end Analysis
What is the phenomenon where people tend to remember the first and last items in a list better than items in the middle?
a. Recency effect
b. Serial position effect
c. Primacy effect
d. Memory consolidation
B. Serial Position Effect
Which coping strategy involves changing the situation causing stress?
a. Emotion-focused coping
b. Problem-focused coping
c. Avoidance coping
d. Defense mechanisms
B. Problem-focused coping
What is the term for the process by which information moves from short-term to long-term memory?
a. Encoding
b. Storage
c. Retrieval
d. Consolidation
D. Consolidation
What is the personality trait characterized by being outgoing and deriving energy from social interactions?
a. Neuroticism
b. Conscientiousness
c. Extraversion
d. Agreeableness
C. Extraversion
Which personality assessment tool uses inkblot images?
a. MMPI
b. Rorschach test
c. TAT
d. Big Five Inventory
B. Rorschach Test
Which memory system has the shortest duration but largest capacity?
a. Long-term memory
b. Sensory memory
c. Working memory
d. Procedural memory
B. Sensory Memory
Which stress management technique involves systematically tensing and relaxing muscle groups?
a. Meditation
b. Progressive muscle relaxation
c. Visualization
d. Biofeedback
B. Progressive Muscle Relaxation
In classical conditioning, what is extinction?
a. The strengthening of a response
b. The weakening of a response when the CS is presented without the US
c. The initial pairing of stimuli
d. The spontaneous recovery of a response
B. The weakening of a response when the CS is presented without the US
Which type of reinforcement increases behavior by removing something unpleasant?
a. Positive reinforcement
b. Negative reinforcement
c. Positive punishment
d. Negative punishment
B. Negative Reinforcement
What is the cognitive process of interpreting and organizing sensory information?
a. Sensation
b. Perception
c. Attention
d. Memory
B. Perception
Which part of memory is responsible for storing procedural skills like riding a bicycle?
a. Episodic memory
b. Semantic memory
c. Implicit memory
d. Short-term memory
C. Implicit Memory
Which defense mechanism involves transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable behaviors?
a. Repression
b. Sublimation
c. Displacement
d. Compensation
B. Sublimation
What is the term for the basic units of language that carry meaning?
a. Phonemes
b. Morphemes
c. Syntax
d. Grammar
B. Morphemes
What is the term for a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience?
a. Maturation
b. Learning
c. Development
d. Adaptation
B. Learning
Which personality theorist proposed the concept of the collective unconscious?
a. Sigmund Freud
b. Erik Erikson
c. Carl Jung
d. Alfred Adler
C. Carl Jung
Which theory of forgetting suggests that memories decay over time if not used?
a. Interference theory
b. Decay theory
c. Displacement theory
d. Retrieval failure theory
B. Decay Theory
Which type of stress occurs from positive life events like getting married or starting a new job?
a. Distress
b. Acute stress
c. Eustress
d. Chronic stress
C. Eustress
What is the term for automatic, well-learned responses that require minimal conscious attention?
a. Algorithms
b. Schemas
c. Scripts
d. Heuristics
C. Scripts