Classical Conditioning
A cancer patient becomes nauseated following chemotherapy treatments. After a few treatments, she begins having a sick feeling whenever she sees the treatment room. The treatment room is a:
conditioned stimulus (CS)
Ahmed is allergic to dogs. While in the toy store, he sees a stuffed toy dog and has an allergic reaction. Ahmed's reaction represents:
generalization
Elizabeth picks up the clothes from her bedroom floor to avoid her mother's repeated nagging. This represents:
Negative reinforcement
Dana creates a detailed mental image of the layout of the biology lab where she will take her final exams. This is called:
Cognitive map
Two-year-old Jia tells her grandmother she "goed" to school. This illustrates:
In Pavlov's experiment, the dog salivating when presented with food represents:
unconditioned response (UCR)
Explain the difference between classical and operant conditioning.
Classical conditioning = associations between two stimuli; Operant conditioning = associations between responses and their consequences
For every twenty cell phones Tom sells, he gets a $50 bonus. This represents which type of reinforcement schedule?
fixed ratio
After years of watching their mother drive a car, Rowan knows how to start the car when sitting in the driver's seat for the first time. Which type of learning explains this behavior?
Observational learning
A word or part of a word that is in itself meaningful, but that cannot be broken into smaller meaningful units.
morpheme
Claire has test anxiety. Her teacher taps his pen while students are taking a test. After several test days, Claire experiences anxiety when she hears a pen tapping, even on days when there is no test. What is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and what is the conditioned stimulus (CS)?
UCS: taking a test
CS: sound of pen tapping
Sam became sick after eating pepperoni pizza and refuses to eat it now. However, he still enjoys plain pizza. This illustrates:
discrimination
Miles had tantrums when his dad would not let him play video games, so his dad took away some of Miles's TV time whenever he threw a tantrum. This effectively reduced Miles's tantrums.
Negative punishment
Brian was having difficulty solving a riddle, but after sleeping, he suddenly understood the answer. His learning was the result of:
Insight
What is telegraphic speech?
Toddlers use two-word phrases like "Mommy go" and "want cookie", similar to old telegrams where brevity was key.
Zamiyah gets hit by another car when making a left turn at an intersection and her heart starts racing. After the accident, Zamiyah feels her heart beat faster any time she makes a left turn while driving. What is the conditioned response (CR)?
Heart racing / heart beating faster
Nate was in a terrible car accident. For months afterward, whenever he approached the intersection of the accident, he felt anxious. After a while, though, he stopped feeling anxious and now has no trouble passing through.
Extinction
People who play slot machines in casinos usually exhibit steady, rapid rates of responding. This is because most games of chance use this schedule of reinforcement:
Variable-ratio
Tommy's mom drives him to school every morning. When she finally gives Tommy permission to ride his bike to school, he is able to follow the route perfectly without getting lost.
Latent learning
Receptive language develops between 6-12 months and depends on this part of the brain:
Wernicke's area
Shivering
Students see a peer praised for sharing out in class and learn that sharing is good. This is an example of:
vicarious learning
Tanae texts her boss to ask if she can miss work to attend a concert. She keeps checking her phone to see if he's responded, since she doesn't know how long it will take him to text back. This schedule of reinforcement is:
Variable-interval
After teaching raccoons to deposit coins into a bank, researchers found that the animals were unable to maintain the behavior; they would soon start rubbing the coins together "in the most miserly fashion" instead of putting them in the slot. This demonstrates:
instinctive drift
These are the smallest units of sound in a language that change word meaning.
Phonemes