Cognition: Thinking
A shortcut or "rule of thumb"
Heuristic
Optimists are people who expect ________ outcomes, while pessimists are people who expect ________ outcomes.
Positive, negative
What stays in an immature state until needed to produce more cells?
Stem cells
Rules for determining the meaning of words and sentences
Semantics
How long does short-term memory retain information before it is either encoded into long-term memory or lost?
15-30 seconds
People in the USA often think of a sports car when asked to envision a fast, fun form of travel. In this example, the sports care would be considered a
Prototype
Clarissa feels anxious because she is failing math class. She begins skipping that class. Clarissa is engaging in:
Escape
A _______ gene actively controls the expression of a trait while a ________ gene influences the expression of a trait only when paired with an identical gene
Dominant, recessive
A(n) ________ is an inborn schema that allows humans to learn and use language
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
Brenda knows how to tie her shoes, but finds it difficult to explain it in words to her little brother. She can easily demonstrate it for him however. Brenda's memory for shoe-tying is a(n) ________ memory
Nondeclarative
Al finds that his car is covered in ice. He needs to get to work but cant find his ice scraper. He finds a plastic spatula from the kitchen and uses it to scrape the ice. In using the spatula as a makeshift ice scraper, what has Al overcome?
Functional Fixedness
Eduardo is on his way to an important meeting when his car breaks down. He is likely to experience what type of frustration?
External
The inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes
Egocentrism
Any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch
Primary reinforcer
________ interference occurs when old information hinders the ability to learn or recall new information, while ________ interference happens when new information interferes with the retrieval of older information
Proactive, retroactive
The use of subgoals
Resistance
Type of thought common in adolescents in which young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm
Personal Fable
A stimulus that reinforces behavior because it has been associated with a primary reinforcer
Secondary Reinforcer
The ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input
Selective attention
What type of thinking occurs when a problem is seen as having only one answer, with all lines of thinking leading to that answer?
Convergent
The three stages of General Adaption Syndrome (GAS) are:
Alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Theory that suggests that aging is caused by some mechanism (perhaps telomeres) within cells that limits the number of times a cell can divide.
Cellular Clock Theory
Punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus.
Negative punishment
The ability to store, retrieve, and form conscious memories of specific events in one's personal past, along with the details of the context in which they occurred.
Episodic memory