The use of gesture
Gestures that depict what is being talked about are called:
(A) indexical
(B) iconic
(C) informational
(D) intentional
(B) iconic
In an experiment, the idea of a participant responding to a stimulus that was preceded by another stimulus that was related in some way is called:
(A) predetermination
(B) prediction
(C) prevalence
(D) priming
(D) priming
What is the name of the group of words that share similar properties (i.e.: minimal pairs) to which a given word belongs called?
(A) neighborhood
(B) cluster
(C) network
(D) congregation
(A) neighborhood
Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting visual word recognition?
(A) Word superiority effect
(B) Word length effect
(C) Frequency effect
(D) Regularity effect
(E) Neighborhood effect
(F) None of the above
(F) None of the above
True or False? Gestures are strictly speaker-focused, not listener-focused.
FALSE
Give one example of a symbolic gesture.
Head nod, thumbs up, greeting wave, shoulder shrug, thumb and index finger in circle, etc.
What does REA (right ear advantage) refer to?
The notion that most people show a tendency to process spoken language better if the input is received in the right ear (since language is processed in the left side of the brain).
What is a "slip of the ear"?
A misperception of speech, often at a word boundary.
What is the difference between dyslexia and dysgraphia?
Dyslexia affects reading processes, dysgraphia involves writing processes.
What is the word superiority effect?
Individual letters are recognized more easily when they are in real words than when they occur in nonwords.
If I want to show someone where the bakery is across the street and I point my finger in that direction, what type of gesture is this?
Indexical or indicative
Explain the concept of variability as it applies to perception for language.
The input we receive in oral or written language can be very different. (remember examples of fonts)
Explain how context can influence the recognition point using an original example.
Makes the recognition point come earlier than in words in isolation. It "preps" your brain.
"Did you guys do your h...?"
Explain Morton's Logogen model for visual word recognition.
Based on logogens, which are word recognition units that monitor various information sources and receive activation to the extent that incoming info matches the specification of the unit. (p. 144)
What is the function of a spectrogram?
To analyze the sound energy present in speech at different frequencies.
Explain what a batonic gesture is and give an example.
Also known as a beat gesture, they are meant to give emphasis, to bring home a point. Usually coincide with stressed syllables.
Describe what exemplars are and give an example.
Multiple representations for a given unit of spoken or written language, fit within a spectrum.
Explain the uniqueness point and determine what it is in the word "reconstruction". (You must get the entire question right to earn the points!)
The point at which the word no longer overlaps with other words in the initial cohort. In this case, the 'sh' is the uniqueness point, because until then you can have the word "reconstructED".
It has been shown through several studies that phonology is somehow involved in visual word recognition. Give some evidence of why this is the case.
Children learn spoken words before written words; common pronunciation of nonwords; regularity effect (deep vs. shallow orthography); pseudohomophones (nonwords like 'blud' take longer to reject than 'florp'), category monitoring ('meet' classified as 'type of food').
Explain the notion of signal continuity as it relates to the cocktail party effect.
Listeners are better able to follow a stream of speech if it sounds like it comes in a continuous fashion from one source. We can focus on just one voice in a crowded room and understand the message even if we miss a phoneme or two.
Explain what Kita's (2000) comparative study of English and Japanese native speakers showed relative to gestures and linguistic differences.
Cartoon of a cat swinging on a rope from one side of a street to the other. English has intranstive verb for this, Japanese does not. Their gestures reflected this: English speakers used 'swinging' gesture, where Japanese tended to use straight line movement, reflecting the action of the verbs they would use to express this (jump across, go in the direction of).
Discuss the difference between active and passive speech perception and defend the model you believe is more accurate.
Passive: stored system of patterns and recognition units against which we match the input. Active: depends on our own capabilities as producers of speech.
Suppose you have the words "linguistics" and "stupor" in English. Using the concepts of frequency, competition, and neighborhoods, explain which word you think would take longer to process and why. You must mention all three concepts in your answer in order to get the points.
linguistics: high frequency (for us), low competition, sparse neighborhoods = faster to process
stupor: low frequency,high competition, dense neighborhoods = longer to process
Name and give an example of the three different types of paralexias (substitutions) found in deep dyslexia.
Semantic: <key> being read as 'lock'
Derivational: <translation> being read as 'translator'
Visual: <bottle> read as 'battle'
Explain the McGurk effect using an original example.
Visual vs. aural stimuli conflict, causing person to hear something different from what was actually pronounced.
bore / core / more