Experiments
The only way to establish a cause-and-effect relationship is through this type of experiment
True experiment
Also known as participant validation, this is a qualitative research technique used to establish the credibility of findings by seeking feedback from the participants.
Member checking
These are cues in a study that inadvertently communicate to participants what behavior or responses are expected or desired by the researcher.
Demand characteristics
A specific group of people researchers are interested in for a study
target population
In order to establish a cause-and-effect relationship, an experiment must have high
internal validity
The process of clearly defining the independent and dependent variables so they can be measured. Especially important when gathering qualitative data
Operationalizing
The simplest way to establish reliability is to replicate a study with the same materials and standardized procedure. However, different participants may have different traits, making it difficult to replicate the original study's findings. This is called what?
This occurs when a participant attempts to figure out the researcher's hypotheses, but only to destroy the study's credibility.
Screw-you effect
This type of sampling occurs when each member of a target population has an equal chance of being selected
Random
construct validty
This suggests that images are more likely to be remembered than words because any visual image is stored (1) as an image and (2) as a word or phrase that describes the image.
Dual Coding Hypothesis/Theory
By using this process, the researcher determines whether the findings were simply due to the choice of research method or whether we can draw the same conclusions regardless of the research method.
Method triangulation
Sometimes, participants simply act differently because they are being observed. This is a phenomenon known as...
reactivity
This type of sampling occurs when participants recruit other participants, often friends and/or family
Snowball
When a sample is not representative of the target population, the study lacks which kind of validity?
Population validity
This occurs when participants are asked to take part in several conditions of the same experiment; they may get tired or bored
Fatigue effect
Using this method to establish credibility, one could check whether their findings are credible by referring to other researchers' interpretations of the data.
Researcher Triangulation
This design is commonly used in clinical trials and other research to minimize the chance that confirmation bias may influence the findings.
Double-blind study
This type of sampling uses subgroups of a target population to attempt to reach accurate percentages and representation relative to the target population
stratified
external, often unmeasured, factors in a study that distort the relationship between the IV and DV
confounding variables
In this type of research design, one sample of participants receives each condition of an experiment. This means that each participant would be tested with images and tex
repeated measures
The idea, or approach, that the research is only credible to the degree that participants agree that it reflects their own reality.
phenomenological approach
This is when the fact that you have taken part in one condition affects your ability to take part in the next condition.
Interference effect
Researches coined what acronym to describe the typical samples studied by psychologists?
WEIRD
This measures whether or not an experiment was realistic or natural
ecological validity