Key Terms
What personality type describes an attitude of the tendency for a person to be energized by outwardly focused behavior?
An Extravert Personality Type
What are the four dichotomies in the MBTI?
- Extraversion-introversion
- Sensing-intuition
- Thinking-feeling
- Judging-perceiving?
What are the five personality factors that make up the Big Five Model?
- Extraversion
- Conscientiousness
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
- Openness to Experience
Who developed the theory of psychological types and observed personalities into innate types that the MBTI was based on?
Carl Jung
What is validity?
The extent to which scores from a measure represent the variable they are intended to measure
In the article Validity, what personality model includes extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, and openness to experience?
The Big Five
What psychological effect describes people's tendency to believe that vague, general personality descriptions uniquely describe them?
The Forer Effect
A large number of items in an instrument can be a source of measurement error. For participants, what are the three possible ____ that they can experience if an instrument is too long?
- Discouragement
- Fatigue
- Inattention
Which two individuals added the fourth dichotomy, the judging and perceiving dimension, to the personality framework?
Katherine and Isabel Briggs
What are the three types of reliability? (An extra 100 if you can say what one specific type of reliability is)
- Test-retest reliability
- Internal consistency
- Inter-rater reliability
In the article Evaluating what term is related to the attempt to evaluate a theory in the best possible light?
The Principle of Charity
What are the three criteria used for evaluating the MBTI theory?
1. Agreement with known data and facts
2. Internal consistency
3. Testability
What is one disadvantage of reduced scales?
A high amount of measurement errors and/or the possible occurrence of type I and II errors
In the article Validity, how many participants were included in the study?
554 participants
What are the four levels of measurement?
- Nominal
- Ordinal
- Interval
- Ratio
In the article Validity, which type of validity examines whether the factors identified by a measure fit the expected factor structure
Factorial Validity
Why does anecdotal observation create problems for establishing scientific validity?
Anecdotal observations can be subjective and influenced by confirmation bias, making them less reliable
What statistical analysis did the researchers use to test whether the measures fit the expected five-factor structure?
The Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Which two individuals provided the three criteria used in the article Evaluating to evaluate the MBTI theory?
Shaw and Constanzo
What is the difference between a conceptual definition and an operational definition?
A conceptual definition describes what a construct is and how it relates to other variables and an operational definition specifies exactly how the construct will be measured
In the article Evaluating what term refers to the effect that causes people to assume that confusing statements from authority figures have profound truth?
The Guru Effect
A person scores as an introvert on the MBTI but frequently behaves in an outgoing manner at work. Why could this create a problem for the MBTI's dichotomous approach?
People can display characteristics associated with both sides of a dichotomy depending on the context, suggesting that personality can be dimensional rather than categorical
What were the two Big Five factors that showed weaker convergent validity between the two personality measures than the other factors?
Agreeableness and Conscientiousness
In the article Validity, why would the locations and types of institutions used to recruit participants be considered a limitation of the study?
The sample was not representative of all of Brazil and therefore limits how well the findings may generalize to the broader population
Two psychologists independently observe the same children's behavior and give very similar ratings. What type of reliability is this an example of?
Inter-rater reliability