Information Processing & Memory Construction
Contains information you are consciously aware of before it is stored or forgotten.
Short-term Memory
This approach suggests that observable, measurable behavior should be the focus of study.
Behavioral Perspective
Tendency to focus on information that supports preconceptions.
Confirmation Bias
Part of the brain that controls emotions.
Amygdala
The height, or amplitude, of a sound wave determines its:
Loudness
State of physiological or psychological (or both) need to take more of a drug after continued use.
Dependence
Anything in the environment that one can respond to.
Stimulus
Memory of facts and experiences.
Explicit Memory
Twins that develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but share a fetal environment.
Fraternal Twins
The group in the experiment that receives the treatment.
Experimental Group
Part of the brain that forms new memories.
Hippocampus
Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray.
Rods
A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified.
Night Terrors
Neurons that are activated when performing a behavior and when watching another perform the same behavior.
Mirror Nuerons
Failing to pay attention and get the information into memory.
Encoding Failure
A Humanistic Psychologist who created the hierarchy of needs.
Abraham Maslow
A research technique that compares individuals from different age groups at one time.
Cross-Sectional Study
Part of the nervous system that arouses the body to deal with perceived threats.
Sympathetic Nervous System
The process of organizing and interpreting incoming sensory information.
Perception
The biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle.
Circadian Rhythm
Positive, constructive, helpful behavior.
Prosocial Behavior
Incorporating misleading information into a memory of an event.
Misinformation Effect
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
Psychology
Substance that has no effect apart from a person's belief in it.
Placebo
A system that transports important hormones produced by several glands.
Endocrine System
Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.
Top-down Processing
During a typical night's sleep of 8 to 9 hours, Betty can predict that her brain will cycle through the REM stage ________ times.
4-5
This is the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response.
Spontaneous Recovery
When a new memory disrupts the recall of an older memory.
Retroactive Interference
Psychological perspective that states thinking or behavior changes in different situations or contexts.
Social-cultural Perspective
The variable in an experiment that the researcher manipulates to examine its effect.
Independent Variable
The recharging phase, during which a neuron, after firing, cannot generate another action potential.
Refractory Period
The nervous system can only handle a certain amount of information at one time.
Gate-control Theory
When Sid began using cocaine, he would experience a “high” with a small dose of the drug. After years of abuse, Sid has progressed to using crack cocaine to experience the same feelings of euphoria. Sid's behavior illustrates:.
Tolerance
Elise's car has an annoying buzzer that sounds until the seat belt is snapped into place. Elise always puts on her seatbelt as soon as she gets in the car. She has learned this behavior through:
Negative Reinforcement
The three-stage processing model suggests that we register information in ________ memory before it is ________ into short-term memory.
Sensory; Encoded
The values and beliefs instilled in us by our upbringing.
Nuture
A group that fairly represents a population because each person has an equal chance of being chosen.
Random Sample
Longest structure in a neuron.
Axon
Order of the bones in the middle ear.
Malleaus (Hammer), incus (Anvil), stapes (Stirrup)
The brain waves you have during REM sleep are most similar to the ones you have when you are:
Awake
The correct order of the classical conditioning processes is:
Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery