Psychology 175 Final Exam

Human Diversity & Culture

100

What are the 5 D's of Difference?

Distancing, Denial, Defensiveness, Devaluing, Discovery  

200

What are Cognitive Miser Strategies?

• We assign new information to existing categories that are easy to process mentally; these categories arise from prior information, including schemas
• Results in a tendency to not stray far from established beliefs when considering new information 
• We have the capacity to be aware when we are being cognitive misers

300

What are the three dimensions of culture?

• Material Culture

       -the observable and behavioral aspects, the “artifacts” and technologies of a culture; how culture is seen and expressed in everyday life

• Social Culture

        -how people organize themselves in relation to each other, roles and rules for living; social culture can often that can be articulated by members of the group

• Ideological Culture

        -worldview, values, beliefs, ideals, ways of thinking, what is assumed and lived but not easily articulated

400

What are Primary Macrocultural Collective Entities? What are Microcultural Collective entities?

Macro: 

• Deeply embedded in the functioning of persons and contexts. Transmitted within family and community socialization processes. Cultural elements of privileged macrocultural entities are woven into the dominant cultural narratives of society (e.g., generational trends, heteronormativity, white superiority)
  • EXAMPLES: Nationality, Ethnicity, Religion

Micro: 

• Function within particular sociocultural communities. Exposure typically occurs after childhood and outside of the family socialization context. Immersion in these entities may be voluntary. EXAMPLES: Military culture, Alcoholics Anonymous

500

Define Cultural Identification and Cultural Orientation.

• CI: the degree to which one consciously identifies with the cultural heritage and cultural expressions of one or more cultural groups
• CO: individual preferences for various cultural patterns, beliefs, and behaviors

Acculturation

100

Define Acculturation

• The process of change resulting from the sustained contact between culturally dissimilar people, groups, and social influences

200

emphasizes adopting the dominant culture and letting go of culture of origin

What is Assimilation?

300

The experience of stressors related to the acculturation process typically involving challenges to cultural understandings or behaviors regarding how to live

What is Acculturative Stress?

400

In the two factor model of acculturation by John Berry: what are the 4 acculturation strategies of non dominant groups?

Marginalization (deculturation/ alienation) 

Assimilation (loss of culture or origin)

Separation (self-segregation, traditionalism) 

Integration (biculturalism, pluralistic)

500

What are the 6 characteristics of Acculturation?

• Interactional: two-way changes, not unidirectional 
• Ecological: at all LOA
• Multidimensional:  behavioral, relational, and emotional
• Continuous: occurs throughout the lifespan
• Dynamic: never static, always evolving
• Pluralistic: Increasingly multicultural involving more than two groups

Oppression & Racism

100

The unearned advantages and freedoms associated with being a member of a dominant group in a society

Privilege

200

What are the three domains of racism? (James Jones)

Individual/ Interpersonal: Attitudes and beliefs held by individuals. Behaviors and interpersonal interactions.

Institutional: Structures and societal systems that result in asymmetries and disparities in opportunities, resources, and outcomes based on race

Cultural: Holding Anglo-Euro-American cultural ways of being as normative and superior

300

Racist beliefs that are socialized early in life but expressed and acted out through political and policy positions

Modern racism- The displacement of racist beliefs onto abstract sociopolitical issues with a simultaneous lack of awareness of racist feelings

What is Symbolic Racism?

400

Characterized by their invisible, unintentional and subtle nature; usually outside the level of conscious awareness. They are often unconsciously delivered in the form of subtle snubs or dismissive looks, gestures and tones.

What are Microaggressions?

500

What are the six types of Racism-related stressors?

Racism-related life events 

Daily Racism Microstressors 

Chronic- contextual racism 

vicarious racism experiences 

collective racism experiences 

transgenerational transmission of group trauma

Prevention

100

• Features of individuals and environments that REDUCE biological, psychological, social, and emotional capacities to maintain well-being and function adaptively
• Decreases ability to cope with stress and sustain role functioning

What is a Risk Factor?

200

What are Caplan's Prevention Typologies?

•     Primary Prevention
•     Secondary Prevention
•     Tertiary Prevention

300

What are the 3 general areas of focus in prevention programs?

• Strengthen protective factors in individuals (e.g., skills, competencies)
• Create and enhance resources and support systems
• Change systems/settings to reduce stress

400

Person vs. System Focused Prevention

• Person-centered Prevention & Promotion: Focuses on individuals and microsystems. Teach skills and promote competencies. Strengthen relationships. Facilitate positive interactions
• System-centered Prevention & Promotion: Focuses on organizations, communities, and macrosystems. Change organizational policies and practices. Target the norms or climate of a setting. Change laws and structures of macrosystems

500

What are the tools and technologies of Primary Prevention?

Education 

Competency-Promotion

Natural Caregiving

Community Organization and Systems intervention

Liberation Psychology

100

The study of human behavior to inform   conceptualization and transformation of oppressive power relationships

What is Liberation Psychology?

200

Who is the Father of Liberation Psychology? What was is goal?

Ignacio Martin- Baro 

• His goal was to hear the voices of the oppressed, decenter psychology’s attention from its own status to attend to the needs of the oppressed, and to create a practice that can transform both people and societies

300

What does reformation emphasis? What does transformation emphasis? 

Which is involved in the work of community psychologists?

• A reformation emphasis works toward correcting the imperfections of existing systems
• A transformation emphasis works toward transforming society to make it work better
• Both are involved in the work of community psychologists

400

means teaching that is aimed toward unveiling the world of oppression and through reflection and action commit to its transformation

What is Pedagogy of the Oppressed?

500

What are Jemal's tools of critical consciousness?

• Dialogue and Critical Reflection
• Reflective Questioning
• Psychosocial Support
• Co-Learning
• Group Process
• Action and Identity Development
• Critical Genograms (from Garcia et al., 2009)
• Social Capital Maps (from Garcia et al., 2009)