Learning
learning is best defined as
the process of acquiring, through experience, new and relatively enduring information or behaviors
in Pavlov´s original experiment with dogs, the tone was initially a(n) ______ stimulus; after it was paired with meat; it became a (n) ______ stimulus.
conditioned; neutral
for the most rapid conditioning, a CS should be presented
before the US
shaping is a(n) ______ technique for ______ a behavior
operant; establishing
regarding the impact of watching television violence on children, most researchers believe that
watching violence on television contributes to aggressive behavior
the type of learning associated with B.F. Skinner is
operant conditioning
to obtain a reward a monkey learns to press a lever when a 1000-Hz tone is on but not when a 1200-Hz tone is on. What kind of training is this?
classical conditioning
during extinction, the ______ is omitted; as a result, the ______ seems to disappear
US; CR
in promoting observational learning, the most effective models are those we perceive as
a pigeon can easily be taught to flap its wings to avoid shock but not for food reinforcement. according to the text, this is most likely so because
pigeons are biologically predisposed to flap their wings to escape negative events and to use their beaks to obtain food
which of the following statements concerning reinforcement is correct
learning is the most rapid with continuous reinforcement, but intermittent reinforcement produces the greatest resistance to extinction
when a conditioned stimulus is presented without an accompanying unconditioned stimulus, ______ will soon take place.
extinction
in Pavlov´s studies of classical conditioning of a dog´s salivary responses, spontaneous recovery occurred
when the CS was reintroduced following extinction of the CR and a rest period
a cognitive map is a
metal representation of one´s environment
cognitive processes are
important in both classical and operant conditioning
learning by imitating others´ behaviors is called ______ learning. The researchers best known for studying this type of learning is ______.
observational; Albert Bandura
one difference between classical and operant conditioning is that
in classical conditioning, the responses are automatically triggered by stimuli
you always rattle the box of dog biscuits before giving your dog a treat. as you do so, your dog salivates rattling the box is a ______; your dog´s salivation is a ______
CS; CR
online adaptive quizzing systems are applications of the operant conditioning principles of
shaping and immediate reinforcement
after watching coverage of the Olympics on television recently, Lynn and Susan have been staging their own ¨summer games.¨ which of the following best accounts for their behavior
observational learning
after exploring a complicated maze for several days, a rat subsequently ran the maze with very few errors when food was placed in the goal box for the first time. this performance illustrates
latent learning
experiments on taste-aversion learning demonstrate that
for the conditioning of certain stimuli the US need not immediately follow the CS
you teach your dog to fetch the paper by giving him a cookie each time he does so. this is an example of
operant conditioning
which of the following is the best example of a conditioned reinforcer
receiving an approving nod from the boss for a job well done
Leon´s psychology instructor has scheduled an exam every third week of the term. Leon will probably study the most just before an exam and the least just after an exam. this is because the schedule of exams is reinforcing studying according to which schedule
fixed-interval