conformity
what are the three types of conformity?
Compliance, identification, internalisation
In Milgram's original study, what percentage of the participants went up to 300 Volts?
100%
What are the two main terms used to describe forms of caregiver-infant interaction?
Reciprocity and interactional synchrony
Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) introduced a memory model. What was this model called?
The multi-store model
Name two types of sampling techniques.
Opportunity sampling/random sampling/systematic sampling/volunteer sampling/snowball sampling/stratified sampling
McGhee and Teevan: students high in ______ __ _________ are more likely to conform.
Name two ethical problems in Milgram's original study
- The right to withdraw was difficult because of all the prompts
- Participants were deceived due to the shocks not being real
- Participants could not make an informed decision as to whether to take part or not, because of all the deception
- Milgram caused psychological harm to his participants
Piaget introduced a concept called pseduo imitation. What is this?
When babies copy actions unintentionally, without understanding or deliberate effort
Where is the STM located?
Give one strength and one weakness of a field experiment.
Strengths:
- Real-life settings enhance realism, encouraging participants to behave naturally.
- Higher validity due to natural settings and reduced demand characteristics.
Weaknesses:
- Lacks control, increasing the influence of extraneous variables.
- Uncontrolled variables prevent study replication and consistent findings.
- More time-consuming and costly than lab experiments.
- The experimenter has little control over the type of participants they may get.
- May be unethical as participants often don't know they're taking part, so can't give consent or be debriefed.
What are the three factors Asch investigated that affected conformity?
Group size, unanimity, task difficulty
In 1966, Hofling carried out a study with 22 nurses, impersonating a doctor and asking them to administer a drug over the phone. How many of these nurses obeyed in this original scenario?
21/22
At what age does an infant go through the indiscriminate attachment stage?
2-7 months (class answer) / 4+ months (textbook answer)
The phonological loop is divided into two parts. What are these?
Phonological store/inner ear
Articulatory process/inner voice
Explain the term "counterbalancing"
A method to avoid biased results by changing the order of tasks. It ensures all participants experience tasks in different sequences, reducing the effects of tiredness or practice.
Who repeated Asch's study 25 years later with engineering students?
Perrin and Spencer (1981)
What were the situational factors in Milgram's study? Name 3.
Proximity, location, and power of the uniform.
(+ graduated commitment and the presence of allies)
What are the four main attachment behaviours?
Separation anxiety, stranger anxiety, reunion behaviour, and exploration
What is the difference between episodic memory and procedural memory?
Episodic = autobiographical memories of what we did yesterday, or last week
Procedural = memories of how to do things (skills we learn - like riding a bike)
Within types of observations, one category includes controlled vs naturalistic. What are the two other types?
Participant vs non-participant AND overt vs covert
Give two differences in how the SPE and BBC were run (NOT the results...)
any 2 of:
- SPE was televised
- SPE had more prisoners than guards
- SPE determined the roles based on personality types
- SPE had an ethics committee that
could terminate the study early
Mandel (1998) challenged the relevance of obedience research as an explanation of real-life atrocities, claiming that there was no ecological validity in past experiments. What real-life event (that we learnt) supports this critique?
Reserve Police Battalion 101 (in 1942)
Meltzoff and Moore suggested the "like-me" hypothesis, but this was criticised by La Vine et al. What was their problem with this hypothesis and why?
Meltzoff and Moore's explanation is not found in all cultures: La Vine et al (1994) found that Kenyan mothers have little physical interactions with their infants, but have a high proportion of attachments. So, the research may be ethnocentric.
There are two forms of interference. What are these called and what do they each do?
Proactive interference = when old memories disrupt recalling new information.
Retroactive interference = when new memories disrupt recalling old information.
Investigator variables can influence experiments. What three methods are often used to limit these investigator effects?
Placebo condition (some people are secretly left out, to see if their behaviour changes due to the researchers)
Single-blind condition (the participants don't know what the study is about)
Double-blind condition (both the participants and the investigator don't know what the study is about)