Schizophrenia
Positive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions), Negative symptoms (apathy, lack of emotion), and Cognitive symptoms (disorganized thinking/memory issues).
What are the three main types of symptoms used to diagnose schizophrenia?
A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, producing a response. Components: Unconditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned Response, Conditioned Stimulus, Conditioned Response.
Define classical conditioning and identify its four main components (US, UR, CS, CR).
Considered the "father of modern psychology" for establishing the first dedicated psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879?
Who is Wilhelm Wundt.
Depressants (e.g., alcohol), Stimulants (e.g., caffeine), and Hallucinogens (e.g., LSD).
What are the three main categories of psychoactive drugs based on their effects on the central nervous system?
Biological, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and humanistic?
What are the five major theoretical perspectives in psychology?
A patient with schizophrenia suddenly stops taking their medication and begins to believe their neighbors are broadcasting their thoughts. What kind of symptoms are these?
What is positive symptoms (delusions/paranoia)?
A stimulus that does not initially produce a specific response.
A stimulus that automatically, naturally, and reflexively triggers a response without prior learning
The learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus; it often mimics the unconditioned response
What is the Neutral Stimulus (NS), Unconditioned Stimulus (US), and Conditioned Response (CR).
The Father of Psychoanalysis.
Who is Sigmund Freud?
Occurs when the brain reduces receptors or neurotransmitter production in response to a drug, requiring higher doses for the same effect.
What is Tolerance?
According to the behavioral perspective, how is human behavior primarily learned?
What are Observable actions, environment, conditioning?
A diagnosis requires continuous signs of disturbance for at least 6 months, including at least 1 month of active symptoms. Schizophreniform disorder has similar symptoms but lasts only 1 to 6 months.
To receive a DSM-5 diagnosis of schizophrenia, what is the minimum duration of symptoms required, and how does it differ from Schizophreniform disorder?
Requires designing a schedule of reinforcement (e.g., positive reinforcement for participation, extinction or response cost for phone use) and justifying the plan psychologically.
What is operant conditioning?
Which psychologist is known for developing the theory of classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs?
Ivan Pavlov.
Occurs when the body adapts to the drug's presence, leading to negative physical symptoms (withdrawal) when the drug is removed.
What Physical dependence?
Developed by Sigmund Freud, this approach emphasizes unconscious drives, childhood experiences, and interpersonal relationships as the primary motivators of adult behavior.
The Psychodynamic perspective.
Alogia (poverty of speech), Anhedonia (inability to feel pleasure), Asociality (lack of interest in social interaction), Avolition (lack of motivation), and Affective Flattening (reduced emotional expression).
What are the 5 A's of schizophrenia?
Imagine a dog has been conditioned to salivate to a bell. Over the next two weeks, the bell is rung many times, but food is never presented afterward. What process will occur, and what will happen to the conditioned response?
What is Extinction
She was denied a doctoral degree from Harvard University despite completing all requirements, because she was a woman.
Who is Mary Whiton Calkins?
Work by blocking the reuptake of serotonin, increasing its concentration in the synaptic cleft. They are not considered addictive because they do not cause a sudden, massive dopamine release in the reward pathway
What is a SSRI?
This perspective focuses on the body, particularly the brain, nervous system, genetics, and hormones, to explain behavior and mental processes.
The Biological (Biopsychological) perspective.
genetics/family history, brain chemistry/development issues, pregnancy/birth complications, stressful life events/trauma, and substance use
What are some of the causes of schizophrenia
can't be used to explain complex human development, personalities and why people often don't associate things with each other.
What are problems with Classical conditioning?
Rejected introspection and the study of the unconscious mind as subjective, unscientific methods. He proposed that psychology should only study observable, measurable behavior, effectively shifting the focus from structuralism/functionalism to behaviorism.
Who is John B. Watson?
Stimulate the brain's reward system, releasing large amounts of dopamine, reinforcing the behavior. Continued use creates strong neural connections, making "triggers" (people, places, things) create cravings, leading to high relapse rates.
What is the Dopamine reward pathway?
This "third force" approach emphasizes free will, positive human qualities, and the self-concept, rather than unconscious drives or learned habits.
What is the Humanistic approach?