Psychology 101
In an experiment, this is the variable that the researcher actively manipulates to see its effects.
What is the independent variable?
This disorder is characterized by persistent sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, and changes in sleep, appetite, or energy.
What is major depressive disorder?
This psychologist is famous for his theory of the unconscious mind and developed the concepts of the id, ego, and superego.
Who is Sigmund Freud?
The brain structure absolutely crucial for processing and consolidating new explicit memories
What is the hippocampus?
This psychologist proposed four stages of cognitive development in children.
Who is Jean Piaget?
This neurotransmitter is commonly associated with reward, motivation, and pleasure.
What is dopamine?
A person with this disorder experiences intrusive, unwanted thoughts and/or repetitive behaviors performed to reduce anxiety.
What is obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
This psychologist proposed the hierarchy of needs, which includes physiological needs, safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.
Who is Abraham Maslow?
This memory system stores information for extended periods of time, potentially lasting from days to an entire lifetime.
What is long-term memory?
This attachment style is characterized by a child using their caregiver as a secure base and becoming upset when the caregiver leaves.
What is secure attachment?
This term describes the mental discomfort experienced when someone holds two conflicting beliefs or attitudes.
What is cognitive dissonance?
This severe psychological disorder is characterized by a split from reality, often involving hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech.
What is schizophrenia?
This psychologist developed the concepts of introversion and extraversion and proposed the idea of a collective unconscious.
Who is Carl Jung?
This type of encoding involves focusing on the meaning of information rather than its appearance or sound.
What is semantic encoding?
In Piaget’s theory, this stage is characterized by abstract and hypothetical thinking.
What is the formal operational stage?
This dimension of the Big 5 model assesses a person's emotional stability, with high scorers frequently experiencing mood swings, anxiety, and irritability.
What is Neuroticism?
This therapy focuses on identifying and changing maladaptive thoughts and behaviors that contribute to psychological distress.
What is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)?
This Russian physiologist demonstrated classical conditioning through experiments in which dogs learned to associate a bell with food.
Who is Ivan Pavlov?
This brain region is involved in planning, decision-making, impulse control, and working memory.
What is the prefrontal cortex?
According to Erikson, adolescents face this psychosocial conflict as they develop a sense of who they are.
What is identity vs. role confusion?
This phenomenon occurs when people perform better on well-learned or simple tasks in the presence of others, but may perform worse on difficult or unfamiliar tasks.
What is social facilitation?
This disorder involves episodes of unusually elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, and periods of depression.
What is bipolar disorder?
This psychologist developed the Strange Situation procedure, which researchers use to study attachment styles in infants.
Who is Mary Ainsworth?
This cognitive shortcut involves judging the likelihood of an event based on how easily examples come to mind.
What is the availability heuristic?
This concept describes the idea that an infant understands that an object continues to exist even when it can no longer be seen.
What is object permanence?