FOUNDATIONS & HISTORY
What branch of psychology focuses on the study of unconscious motives and internal conflicts originating in childhood?
Psychoanalysis (or Psychodynamic psychology)
What is the term for an intense, irrational fear of heights?
Acrophobia
Which personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others, often lacking empathy or remorse?
Antisocial personality disorder
What psychological phenomenon describes how individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present compared to when they are alone?
The bystander effect (or bystander apathy)
What almond-shaped structure located deep within the temporal lobes plays a central role in the processing of emotions, particularly fear and threat detection?
The amygdala
Who is known as the "father of experimental psychology" and opened the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879?
Wilhelm Wundt
Someone experiencing glossophobia has an extreme fear of what common activity?
Public speaking
What term describes false sensory experiences that occur in the absence of any real external stimulus, such as hearing voices?
Hallucinations
What is the term for the psychological discomfort a person feels when holding two or more contradictory beliefs, ideas, or values simultaneously?
Cognitive dissonance
What is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a critical role in learning and memory?
Glutamate
Which school of psychology, championed by John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner, rejected the study of internal mental states in favor of observable behavior?
Behaviorism
What is the fear of needles, medical injections, or sharp medical instruments called?
Trypanophobia
What is the primary psychological defense mechanism where a person shifts unacceptable impulses or urges toward a more acceptable or less threatening target (e.g., yelling at a coworker after a bad day with a boss)?
Displacement
What term describes the tendency for people to exert less effort when working collectively in a group than when working individually?
Social loafing
What specific brain region is crucial for the consolidation of short-term memories into long-term declarative memories?
The hippocampus
What historical, highly controversial mental health treatment—popularized by Walter Freeman—involved severing connections in the brain's prefrontal cortex?
Transorbital lobectomy (or Prefrontal lobotomy).
What is the clinical term for the intense fear or hatred of blood?
Hemophobia
Which therapeutic approach, developed by Aaron Beck, focuses on identifying and restructuring dysfunctional or distorted cognitive patterns and core beliefs?
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
What is the name of the social psychological concept describing how exposure to a persuasive argument from a like-minded group tends to make individuals' initial opinions more extreme?
Group polarization
What branch of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for the "fight-or-flight" response, accelerating heart rate and inhibiting digestion?
The sympathetic nervous system
In structuralism, what introspective technique did Edward Titchener use to break down conscious experience into elemental sensory components?
Analytical introspection
What specific phobia describes a fear of long words?
Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia
What severe psychological condition involves the presence of two or more distinct personality states or identities that recurrently take control of an individual's behavior?
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) — formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder.
What social psychology theory, proposed by John Turner, suggests that individuals derive part of their self-concept from their membership in social groups, leading to in-group favouritism and out-group discrimination?
Social Identity Theory
Which lobe of the human cerebral cortex is primarily responsible for processing visual information?
Occipital lobe