Atkinson Shiffrin MMM
Memory lost due to lack of attention to the stimuli
What is sensory memory?
Procedural memory - define
(What is) a type of implicit memory that involves knowing how to carry out tasks facilitated by motor skills.
Eg. riding a bike
Reinforcement - define
Punishment - define
(What is) R: Strengthening a behaviour
(What is) P: Weakening a behaviour
Neutral Stimulus
(What is) Stimulus that produces no significant response prior to conditioning
Stages of Observational Learning in order
(What is) 1 Attention, 2 Retention, 3 Reproduction, 4 Motivation, 5 Reinforcement
Memory lost by being pushed out by new incoming information or by fading over time
What is displacement and decay of short term memory?
Semantic Memory - define
(What is) a type of explicit memoryconsisting of general knowledge or facts
Eg. The capital of australia is canberra
Positive =?
Negative =?
(What is) P = Adding a stimulus
(What is) N = Removing a stimulus
Unconditioned stimulus
(What is) Stimulus that produces an unconscious response
The individual performing the behaviour being observed: both types - name and define
Model: the individual performing the behaviour that is being observed
> a live model is a real person
> a symbolic model is a real or fictional character in books, movies, tv, etc
Duration and Capacity of Short term memory
(What is) Duration: 18-20 sec (sometimes upto 30 sec)
(What is) Capacity: 5-9 items or 7 +/- 2 items
Classically Conditioned memory - define and name brain involvement
(What is) A type of implicit memory that involves an involuntary response such as fear to a stimulus which has been repeatedly associated with an emotional arousal
Eg. Arachnophobia
Involves the basal ganglia in the reflexive response and Amygdala in the emotional response
Positive Punishment
Punishment decreasing likelihood of behaviour by delivering unpleasant stimulus
Unconditioned response
(What is) a naturally occurring behaviour in response to a stimulus
What type of approach to learning is observational learning? - Name and Define
(What is) Social-cognitive approach to learning: theories that propose learning takes place in a social setting and involves various cognitive processes.
Encoding
(What is) the process of converting information into a useable form which can be manipulated and stored in the brain
Episodic memory - define and name brain involvement
(What is) a type of explicit memory that consists of personal experience or events.
Eg. remembering falling down the stairs in heels at the year 12 formal
Involves hippocampus is encoding and retrieving episodic memory, neocortex in storage and retrieval of explicit memory and the amygdala in the emotional encoding of memory
Operant Conditioning
(What is) a three phase learning process that involves an antecedent behaviour and consequence where by the consequence of a behaviour determines the likelihood it will reoccur
Conditioned stimulus
(What is) the stimulus (previously neutral stimulus) that produces a conditioned response after being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Stage 5 of Observational learning - name and define
(What is) Reinforcement: the learner recieves a positive consequence for the behaviour which makes them more likely to reproduce the behaviour in the future
Duration and Capacity of Sensory memory (all 3 types)
(What is) Duration of Iconic: 0.2-0.4 sec
(What is) Duration of Echoic: 3-4 sec
(What is) Duration of Haptic: 1-2 sec
All have Capacity of: Unlimited
Define Explicit and Implicit Long term memory
(What is) Explicit LTM: a type of long term memory that is consciously retrieved
(What is) Implicit LTM: a type of long term memory that is unconsciously retrieved
Factors that influence effectiveness of reinforcement (or punishment) - All 3 and explanations
(What is)
- Order of presentation: consequence MUST follow behaviour
-Timing of reinforcement: reinforcement must occur IMMEDIATELY after desired response has been elicited
-Appropriateness of reinforcement: what one organism views as a reinforcer another organism may not
Three phases of classical conditioning in order - name and define
(What is) Before Conditioning: first stage of classical conditioning, neutral stimulus has no associations and does not produce significant response
(What is) During Conditioning : second stage of classical conditioning, neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with unconditioned stimulus producing unconditioned response
(What is) After Conditioning: third stage of classical conditioning, neutral stimulus becomes conditioned stimulus, eliciting conditioned response
First stage of observational learning - name and define
(What is) Attention: in which learners actively focus on the models behaviour and the consequences of the behaviour (vicarious punishment)