SIS
Q: What is the independent variable?
A: The variable that is deliberately changed by the researcher.
Q: Name the three stages in the Information Processing Model.
A: Encoding, storage, retrieval.
Q: What is lifespan psychology?
A: The study of human development across the lifespan.
Q: What is sports psychology?
A: The study of psychological factors that influence performance.
Q: What does informed consent mean?
A: Participants agree after understanding the study.
Q: Identify the dependent variable in this study:
“Students sleep for different amounts of time, then complete a memory test.”
A: The memory test results (performance).
Q: Which memory store has unlimited capacity?
A: Long-term memory.
Q: List two characteristics of development.
A: It is permanent, sequential, occurs in multiple areas, at different rates.
Q: What is intrinsic motivation?
A: Motivation from internal enjoyment or satisfaction
Q: A study measures memory scores. Is this qualitative or quantitative?
A: Quantitative.
Q: What is an extraneous variable?
A: A variable that may unintentionally affect the dependent variable but is not the one being tested.
Q: What is chunking?
A: Grouping information together to improve memory.
Q: What is a schema?
A: A mental framework for organising information.
Q: What is a sporting slump?
A: A period of poor performance after normal success.
Q: Identify one controlled variable in a fitness study.
A: Conditions such as time of test, environment, or equipment.
Q: Define validity and reliability.
A:
Validity = how accurate the results are
Reliability = whether results are consistent
Q: Which level of processing produces the strongest memory?
A: Semantic processing.
Q: What is the Zone of Proximal Development?
A: Tasks just beyond current ability that can be achieved with support.
Q: What does the Yerkes–Dodson Law show?
A: Optimal arousal leads to best performance.
Q: A student forgets exam content due to stress. Which theory of forgetting applies?
A: Retrieval failure or interference.
Q: Explain one way a study could be high in reliability but low in validity.
A: Results may be consistent every time but not measure what the study intended (e.g. using a bad test that gives the same wrong result).
Q: Explain one theory of forgetting.
A (Any one):
Decay: memory fades over time
Interference: memories compete
Retrieval failure: memory exists but can’t be accessed
Consolidation: memory wasn’t stored properly
Q: Explain one stage from Erikson’s psychosocial theory.
1. TRUST vs MISTRUST (Infancy)
If caregivers consistently meet an infant’s needs, the child develops trust. If care is unreliable, mistrust forms.
2. AUTONOMY vs SHAME & DOUBT (Toddler)
When toddlers are encouraged to do things independently, they gain confidence. Without support, they feel shame and self-doubt.
3. INITIATIVE vs GUILT (Early Childhood)
Children who are encouraged to explore develop purpose. If discouraged, guilt can form over trying new things.
4. INDUSTRY vs INFERIORITY (Primary School Age)
Success in school and activities leads to competence. Ongoing failure can result in feelings of inferiority.
5. IDENTITY vs ROLE CONFUSION (Adolescence)
Teenagers explore who they are. If identity is unclear, confusion about their role in life may occur.
6. INTIMACY vs ISOLATION (Young Adulthood)
Forming close relationships leads to intimacy. Avoiding connection can result in isolation.
7. GENERATIVITY vs STAGNATION (Middle Adulthood)
Adults contributing to family or work feel productive. Without meaningful roles, stagnation occurs.
8. INTEGRITY vs DESPAIR (Late Adulthood)
Reflecting positively leads to life satisfaction. Regret can result in despair.
Q: Explain one way arousal can be reduced.
A: Breathing, visualisation, body relaxation.
Q: Explain why debriefing matters.
A: Participants learn purpose and reduce distress.